Helping Ex-Offenders Make the Mental Shift from Criminality

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“Helping Ex-Offenders Make the Mental Shift from Criminality to Work” Dr. Steve Parese SBP Consulting, Inc.

Today’s Agenda Part 1: INTRODUCTION A. Predictors of Criminality B. What Actually Works? Part 2: THE PROBLEM C. Lack of Prosocial Skills D. Use of Antisocial Thinking E. Contrast with Employer Expectations

Today’s Agenda Part 3: THE SOLUTION F. Stages of Change G. Cog Skills: New Tools H. Cog Restructuring: New Rules I. Practicing the Intervention

Part I: INTRODUCTION

Prison slang Quiz

Prison slang 1. What is a Shank? a. b. c. d. Piece of meat. Part of a handcuff. Handmade weapon. Correctional officer.

Prison slang 2. What is Clicking Up? a. Getting promoted. b. Getting assigned to a better cell. c. Joining a prison gang. d. Lighting a cigarette when not permitted.

Prison slang 3. Who is Chester? a. Prisoner who can’t function in outside world. b. Officer who smuggles in contraband. c. Prisoner avoids hard work. d. Child molester.

Prison slang 4. What is Riding Leg? a. Homosexual relationship. b. Becoming friendly with staff for a favor. c. Making up a story to gain status with prisoners. d. Receiving contraband.

Prison slang 5. Who is Sancho? a. Correctional officer. b. Informer or snitch. c. Latino prisoner. d. Man having an affair with your wife or girlfriend.

“SANTERIA” by Sublime I don't practice Santeria I ain't got no crystal ball Well I had a million dollars but I I'd spend it all If I could find that heina and that Sancho that she'd found Well I'd pop a cap in Sancho and I'd slap her down

Prison slang 5. Who is Sancho? a. Correctional officer. b. Informer or snitch. c. Latino prisoner. d. Man having an affair with your wife or girlfriend.

Optical Illusions

What do you see?

What about NOW?

What do you see?

What about NOW?

Left side only

Left side only What do you imagine will be HERE?

Right side only

Right side only What do you imagine will be HERE?

The whole picture…

It’s all a matter of PERSPECTIVE

Introducing Randy’s been in jail for the past 6 months, this time for assaulting a man in a local bar. Randy got a few bruises, but the man lost an eye. “We were both talking crap, and things just got a little out of hand. It’s no big deal. He’ll be okay. Besides, I was drunk!”

Introducing Maria’s just getting released after eight months in prison for passing bad checks, one of many illegal things she did to support her crack cocaine habit. “My little girl’s been in foster care while I’ve been locked up, and I want her back so bad it hurts. If I could just catch one lousy break. . . ”

Introducing Damon went into a juvenile training school at 15 and was moved to an adult prison at 19. He’s 21 now, back on the street… and seldom straight. “I’m making up for lost time. I’m not bothering no one… so what’s the big deal if I want to hang with the fellas and smoke a blunt? ”

A. Predictors of Criminality What elements of ENVIRONMENT and/or PERSONALITY most accurately predict later criminality?

What Predicts Criminality? #6: Low Levels of Personal Achievement (academic, vocational, etc. )

What Predicts Criminality? #5: Criminality and Psychological Problems in Family of Origin

What Predicts Criminality? #4: History of Antisocial Behavior from an early age

What Predicts Criminality? #3: Temperament & Personality Factors (poor impulsive or anger management, poor insight, etc. )

What Predicts Criminality? #2: Association with antisocial peers + Isolation from prosocial peers

What Predicts Criminality? #1: Antisocial and procriminal attitudes

B. What Actually Works? Which approach has the greatest

So What Works? 1. Psychodynamic Approaches TRAINING: 4 -10 years DELIVERY: Individual or groups 6 months - several years

So What Works? 1. Psychodynamic Approaches Minimal impact on institutional adjustment 1% reduction in recidivism

So What Works? 2. Behavioral Approaches TRAINING: Several hours on the job DELIVERY: Instantly & ongoing

So What Works? 2. Behavioral Approaches Immediate but fading impact on institutional adjustment 10% reduction in recidivism

So What Works? 3. Cognitive. Behavioral Approaches TRAINING: 1 week content specific DELIVERY: Groups, 2 -3 x weekly

So What Works? 3. Cognitive. Behavioral Approaches Gradual impact on institutional adjustment 30% -50% reduction in recidivism

KEY POINT #1 The strongest predictor of criminality is antisocial thinking. As a result, the most effective approaches are cognitive behavioral interventions (CBI)…

KEY POINT #1 …which target antisocial thinking and help exoffenders learn prosocial skills for handling challenging situations.

Part II: THE PROBLEM

the Pro. Blem: cognitive de. Ficit #1 LACK OF PROSOCIAL SKILLS

C. Antisocial Skills Individuals raised in poverty and crime often develop antisocial behaviors that help them survive harsh lives. However, these same behaviors can also keep them from escaping that life.

Prosocial Skills “The personal and interpersonal skills needed to meet one’s needs and interact with others without the use of illegal or harmful behaviors. ”

Team Activity BRAINSTORM 5 -6 PROSOCIAL SKILLS NEEDED TO FIND AND HOLD A JOB IN TODAY’S WORLD OF WORK E. g. , Time management

Work-related “prosocial skills” Self-control skills: • Handling stress • Recognizing triggers • Ignoring provocation

Work-related “prosocial skills” Communication skills: • Understanding directions • Expressing complaints • Dealing with criticism

Work-related “prosocial skills” Social skills: • Joining social activities • Empathizing • Reading body language

Work-related “prosocial skills” Problem solving skills: • Prioritizing problems • Avoiding assumptions • Organizing resources

Why do so many exoffenders fail to use these important skills? 1. SKILL DEFICIT 2. MOTIVATION DEFICIT 3. COGNITIVE INCOMPATIBILITY

Imagine you’re a secretary at a busy law firm…

Would you make 50 copies of this, please? How about getting me a cup of coffee… cream, no sugar? You wouldn’t mind picking up my dry cleaning, would you?

@#$% this!! Enough is enough! You’ve reached “COGNITIVE INCOMPATABILITY!”

15 -minute BREAK

the Pro. Blem: cognitive de. Ficit #2 Trapped in Antisocial THINKING

D. Antisocial Thinking Individuals steeped in a criminal mindset often perceive events in ways that justify their illegal or harmful behaviors.

Antisocial Thinking Cycle Justified SITUATION Negative REACTIONS Negative THOUGHTS & Behavior FEELINGS HARMFUL Antisocial Based on a model created by Jack Bush, Ph. D. Antisocial Beliefs Triggering Beliefs Antisocial Behavior Beliefs

Maria’s Thinking Cycle Maria is a 38 -year-old woman who works as a clerk in an all-night convenience store. Her 19 -year-old supervisor Sarah tells her to clean up a spill in the back. Maria scowls and finds other things to do for the next 45 minutes. She calls her friend to complain: “I’m not going to let some KID tell me what to do. If she’d asked nicely, I might have said yes, but @#$% that!” Later, Sarah confronts her angrily about the spill. Maria walks off the job, convinced she’s just standing up for herself.

Antisocial Thinking Cycle BELIEF: “No one has the right to TELL me what to do…. least of all a kid!” Sarah tells Maria to clean up a spill in Justified for the back. Leaving Job@#$#% “ Sarah confronts her that!” about the spill 45 minutes later. ANGRY Ignores Sarah’s request. Calls friend to complain. Based on a model created by Jack Bush, Ph. D.

Antisocial Thinking Traps Addiction, violence, poverty and criminality often create antisocial patterns of thinking. This thinking can justify behaviors which ultimately perpetuate the cycle of incarceration.

Antisocial Thinking Trap #1 “I decide for myself what I will or won’t do. No one TELLS me what to do. ”

Antisocial Thinking Trap #2 “I don’t let ANYONE get away with putting me down. ”

Antisocial Thinking Trap #3 “I am who I am. I’m not going to change to make someone else happy. ”

Antisocial Thinking Trap #4 “You have a right to get even with people mess with you. ”

Antisocial Thinking Trap #5 “Don’t admit to ANYTHING unless you have no other choice. ”

Randy’s Problem Randy’s brother playfully suggests that he get a hair cut before he shows up for family dinner Thanksgiving. “Listen, am who Iis me I’m ‘I bro, this am. -- take it or leave it. If your @#$% not going to change to wife make someone else has a problem with the way I look, happy. ’ kiss my she can @$$!” Which personal belief is he using?

Damon’s Problem Damon gets cut off in traffic, then follows the other vehicle for 5 miles. At a stop light, gets out and screams at the other driver, threatening him with a baseball bat. “He almost ran me off the road! ‘You have a right to Didn’t even say sorry! get even with people Somebody had to teach him who mess with you. ’ some manners!” Which personal belief is he using?

E. Employer Expectations Almost all employers have a number of written policies and procedures which they share with new employees. Most also have a list of UNSPOKEN expectations which they just assume workers will

Babysitter Rules Imagine that you hire a babysitter to watch your 2 -year old… What expectations are SO BASIC you wouldn’t even bother to state them?

Employer Expectation #1 “Be courteous to customers or the public, even when they are unpleasant to you. ”

Employer Expectation #2 “Do what you are asked to do, even if you don’t want to. ”

Employer Expectation #3 “Accept constructive criticism without getting defensive about it. ”

Employer Expectation #4 “Do your best to fit in. Don’t look or act too different. ”

Employer Expectation #5 “Don’t cover up problems. If you make a mistake, at least be honest about it. “

Antisocial Beliefs versus Employer Expectations Look for opposing rules.

Opposing Beliefs “I decide for myself what I will or won’t do. No one TELLS me what to do. ” 1. B. “Do what you are asked to do, even if you don’t want to. ”

Opposing Beliefs 2. “I don’t let ANYONE get away with putting me down. ” C. “Accept constructive criticism without getting defensive about it. “

Opposing Beliefs 3. “I am who I am. I’m not going to change to make someone else happy. ” D. “Do your best to fit in. Don’t look or act too different. ”

Opposing Beliefs 4. “You have a right to get even with people who mess with you. ” A. “Be courteous to customers, even if they are unpleasant to you. ”

Opposing Beliefs 5. “Don’t admit to ANYTHING unless you have no other choice. ” E. “Don’t cover up for problems. If you make a mistake, be honest about it. ”

Randy’s Side Randy gets a maintenance job at a major hotel chain. He has a disagreement with his supervisor when she asks him to cover his tattoos. “What’s wrong with showing my ‘I I’m proud am. I’m tattoos? am who I of them! I’m not going to change to not to pretend to be somebody different just to keep make someone else this stupid job. ” happy. ’ Which personal belief is he using?

Employer’s Perspective “He doesn’t understand that all those tattoos and piercings can scare off some of our more conservative guests. In our business, you have to keep up a certain image. ” ‘Do your best to fit in. Don’t act or dress too different. ’ Which Workplace Expectation is she using?

Damon’s Side Damon works as a flagman on a road crew. One day, a driver zoomed by him too close. Damon cursed him out and threw a rock at the car. When the driver called the owner of the company, Damon was let go. “He nearly ran me a right to ‘You have down! Was I supposed to let him get away with get even with people that? ” who mess with you. ’ Which personal belief is he using?

Employer’s Perspective “Sometimes drivers are rude or even unsafe around our guys. It’s not right, but it happens. But that doesn’t justify that kind of profanity! And throwing a rock? ? He’s lucky they didn’t press ‘Be courteous to charges!” customers, even if they are unpleasant to Which Workplace Expectation is he using? you. ’

KEY POINT #2 Ex-offenders have often never learned the prosocial skills and attitudes that are necessary for success in the world of work.

KEY POINT #2 Their antisocial perceptions are often in opposition to employers’ unspoken expectations and can cause serious problems with coworkers and supervisors.

Part III: THE SOLUTION

So What Works? 3. Cognitive. Behavioral Approaches Gradual impact on institutional adjustment 30% -50% reduction in recidivism

You’re an All-Star linebacker on your high school football team. TACKLE HIM ! TACKLE HIM!!!

The basketball coach approaches you and says, “I need you on my team!” TACKLE HIM!

Players learn to “CODE-SWITCH” from the rules of football to the rules of basketball. Ex-offenders must learn to “CODE-SWITCH” from the rules & skills needed for home and criminality ---> the rules & skills need for work and professional life.

F. Stages of Change How does lasting change take place with addictive habits, including habits of thought? (Prochaska, Norcross, & Di. Clemente, 1992. )

Stage 1: Resistance It isn’t that we can’t find a solution… it’s that we don’t see the problem. The Resistance Stage can last for years.

Stage 2: Thinking We are aware of the problem and its consequences. We may plan to do something in the next 6 months or so, but haven’t made a real commitment to it yet.

Stage 3: Planning Sometimes it takes a major event to move us from just thinking about change to seriously planning for it. In this stage, we intend to make a real change in the next 30 days.

Stage 4: Action We take action by changing our behavior, our experiences, and our environment. This stage usually lasts for the first 6 months after making a change.

Stage 5: Good Things in Life Maintenance We’ve been fairly successful in making change during this period, and new habits are fairly well established. We enter this stage about 6 months after making a change.

Randy admits he has a problem with fighting: “I DO lose my cool from time to time. I know I ought to do something about it, cuz I get in trouble all the time for it, but nothing seems to work for me. I guess I’m just hotheaded by nature. ” Which stage of change is he in? Stage 2: Thinking

Maria struggles day to day with her addiction to crack: “It’s a day-by-day thing. I’ve been clean and sober for nearly a year now, going to NA meetings and all, but there was a time when I thought I wasn’t going to make it. ” Which stage of change is she in? Stage 5: Maintenance

Damon smokes marijuana daily: “But only for fun! I could quit anytime I want to. I just don’t WANT to. Besides, it’s NOT like crack, you know. . . ” Which stage of change is he in? Stage 1: Resistance

Moving Through Stages From RESISTANCE to THINKING: Acknowledge the problem and become aware of its consequences, both to yourself and others. Bridge = Self Exploration From THINKING to PLANNING Take personal responsibility for fixing the problem. Find the strength and courage to believe that change is possible. Bridge = Inspiration

Moving Through Stages From PLANNING to ACTION: Get ready for temptations and set up a support network. Bridge = Preparation From ACTION to MAINTENANCE: Voluntarily make significant changes in behavior and surroundings. Keep up changes by avoiding high risk people and situations. Bridge = Determination

KEY POINT #3 Lasting change takes place in a predictable series of stages, beginning with outright resistance. Forcing the process or skipping stages usually fails.

Part III: THE SOLUTION

intervention #1 cognitive s. Kills Teach the TOOLS

intervention #2 cognitive restructuring Teach the RULES

G. Cognitive Skill Building CBI STRATEGY #1 Cognitive Skill Instruction is most useful when antisocial behavior is due to a lack of prosocial skills.

Team Activity Come up with a clear example of a client/customer whose problem was because of a Lack of prosocial skills. E. g. , Customer interrupts you on the phone because they lack skills for remaining patient.

Identifying Skill Steps Randy gets fired because he doesn’t know how to accept criticism without arguing. He attends a class to help him deal with criticism more effectively.

Identifying Skill Steps SMALL GROUPS: Brainstorm YOUR ideas about how to handle constructive criticism.

Handling Criticism 1. Stop & think 2. Listen carefully 3. Show you understand 4. Ask how to resolve 5. Agree, or explain your side From “Workin’ It Out” ® soft skills training curriculum

cognitive s. Kills methodology Cognitive Skills Instruction is generally provided in small group classroom settings. TOOLS Instructors present a challenging social situation, then break down the skills needed to handle it prosocially. Skillful responses are demonstrated and role played.

KEY POINT #4 “Cognitive skill building” is most useful when problems are the result of a lack of prosocial skills.

KEY POINT #4 Typical skills include anger management, logical problem solving, dealing with criticism, etc.

H. Cognitive Restructuring CBI STRATEGY #2 Cognitive Restructuring is most useful when antisocial behavior is due to entrenched antisocial beliefs.

Team Activity Come up with a clear example of a client/customer whose problem was because of Strong Antisocial Beliefs. E. g. , Customer interrupts you on the phone because they truly believe that THEIR needs outweigh anyone else’s.

cognitive restructuring methodology RULES 1. LISTEN 2. CAPTURE 3. CHALLENG E 4. RESPECT

cognitive restructuring core Belie. Fs RULES The most important skill in Cognitive Restructuring is IDENTIFYING THE CORE BELIEF used to justify the antisocial behavior.

Damon smokes marijuana daily: “But only for fun! I could quit anytime I want to. I just don’t WANT to. Besides, it’s NOT like crack, you know. . . ” “What I’m doing is okay because: ” “It’s not as bad as what some people do…”

cognitive restructuring the challenge ‘What does it matter how I look, as long as I do my job? ’ You can CHALLENGE a justification on the basis of: 1. Unspoken Rules of Work “From a personal perspective, that makes sense. In your personal life , you wouldn’t EVER let someone tell you how to dress. But at work, the rules are different, and an employer DOES have the right to set a dress code. ”

cognitive restructuring the challenge ‘Yeah, I walked out, but I taught my so-called boss a lesson, didn’t I? ’ You can CHALLENGE a justification on the basis of: 2. Self-Interest “Yeah, but I don’t buy it… You’re way too smart to believe that the satisfaction you got from walking out was worth the hassle you’re going to have to put up with if you have to look for a new job again. ”

cognitive restructuring the challenge ‘Honestly? NOTHING is putting up with THAT crap every single day!’ You can CHALLENGE a justification on the basis of: 3. Pre-established Goals “I don’t buy it… You’ve always said that you wanted to prove to your family that you’ve changed, that they could trust you again. Have you given up on that goal? Cuz if you keep this up, it’ll only show that you CAN’T be trusted. ”

cognitive restructuring the challenge ‘So what if I borrowed a couple of tools for a few days? ’ You can CHALLENGE a justification by: 4. Relabeling Behavior “I don’t buy it… You can say you were only ‘borrowing’ those tools, but we both know what happened: you took advantage of a unsupervised moment to walk off with something that wasn’t yours. That’s not borrowing, it’s stealing. You’ve lost more than your job today -you’ve lost my respect as well. ”

Maria gets to work 30 minutes late, and her supervisor writes her up. Later that week, she has to stay 2 hours late to cover for a co-worker who doesn’t get written up. Maria files a grievance with the district manager claiming she was treated unfairly. “She wrote me up, so I wrote her up! She only did it because she knows I need this job to get my daughter back. Well, @#$% her! I won’t put up with it!”

CODE SWITCHING WITH MARIA 1. LISTEN “She wrote me up, so I wrote her up! She only did it because she knows I need this job to get my daughter back. Well, @#$% her! I won’t put up with it!” 2. CAPTURE “So Maria, you think you did the right thing because, the way you see it: She got you in trouble, so you had the right to get her in trouble too. Fair’s fair, right? ”

CODE SWITCHING WITH MARIA 3. CHALLENGE But I don’t buy it. There’s a part of you that thinks that way, but there’s another part of you -- the mother in you -- that KNOWS that the RIGHT thing to do would have been to to swallow your pride and save your job. Didn’t you say that you NEEDED this job to get your daughter back? Are you willing to throw that away over an employee write up? 4. RESPECT I respect your right to make your own decision, but I don’t see this as a good choice, and I can’t support it.

Practice with Randy gets a maintenance job at a major hotel chain. He has a disagreement with his supervisor when she asks him to cover his tattoos. “What’s wrong with showing my tattoos? I’m proud of them! I’m not going to pretend to be somebody different just to keep this stupid job. ” Role play a 1: 1 Cog Restructuring Session with Randy 1. Listen 2. Capture 3. Challenge 4. Respect

Practice with Damon works as a flagman on a road crew. One day, a driver zoomed by him too close. Damon cursed him out and threw a rock at the car. When the driver called the owner of the company, Damon was let go. “He nearly ran me down! Was I supposed to let him get away with that? ” Role play a 1: 1 Cog Restructuring Session with Damon 1. Listen 2. Capture 3. Challenge 4. Respect

KEY POINT #5 “Cognitive restructuring” is most useful when problems are the result of antisocial thinking.

KEY POINT #5 This thinking can be effectively confronted if we try to first see how the ex-offender justifies the behavior to him/herself, then challenge it on the basis of things already important to the client.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN FIVE SHORT CHAPTERS By Portia Nelson CHAPTER ONE I walk down the street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I fall in. I am lost. . . I am helpless. It isn’t my fault. It takes forever to find a way out.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN FIVE SHORT CHAPTERS By Portia Nelson CHAPTER TWO I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I pretend I don’t see it. I fall in again. I can’t believe I’m in the same place. But it isn’t my fault.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN FIVE SHORT CHAPTERS By Portia Nelson CHAPTER THREE I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I see it there. I still fall in. . . it’s a habit. My eyes are open. I know where I am. It’s my fault. I get out immediately.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN FIVE SHORT CHAPTERS By Portia Nelson CHAPTER FOUR I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I walk around it.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN FIVE SHORT CHAPTERS By Portia Nelson CHAPTER FIVE I walk down another street.

Thanks for your time and attention! If you’d like more information about my programs or workshops, see me! Dr. Steve Parese www. Workin. It. Out. com SBParese@aol. com