Hatchery and Design Considerations What to do BEFORE you start?
1 mm WELL SCREEN MAIN SW PUMPS (2) PRESSURIZED SAND FILTERS (PSF) OCEAN BRINE TANKS OVERFLOW TO RESERVOIR BLOWER OVERFLOW MAIN DRAINLINE EFFLUENT TREATMENT FRESHWATER HEAT EXCH. LARVAL MODULE CULTURE TANKS PUMPS PSF MATURATION MODULE COMPRESSOR CULTURE TANKS HEAT EXCH. LARVAL MODULE RESERVOIRS MATURATION MODULE RESERVOIRS UV OZONE UNIT UV DE-GAS STORAGE RESERVOIR 5 MICRON FILTERS 1 MICRON FILTERS OZONE CONTACT COLUMNS OZONE UNIT COMPRESSOR OVERFLOW TO RESERVOIR BLOWER SEAWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
Lecture 1: Farm Site Selection Objectives: • Proper approach to site selection: conceptualization • “Good” vs. “bad” information • Water (part 1): quality criteria, source, capacity, tidal issues • Soil (part 2): texture, chemical properties • Vegetation, climatic, other determinants • Evaluation process (part 3)
Conceptualizing the Site • WHAT WENT WRONG? – IMPROPER SITE SELECTION – INAPPROPRIATE ENGINEERING – INADEQUATE FINANCING – INEFFECTIVE HUSBANDRY
SITE SELECTION IS CRITICAL: IT CAN DETERMINE: • • • LOAN POTENTIAL ENGINEERING LAYOUT/DESIGNS LEVEL OF EQUIPMENT REDUNDANCY PRODUCTION METHODOLOGY BUSINESS STRATEGY MARKETING/SALES STRATEGY
WHY "BAD" SITES ARE SELECTED ALL THE WRONG REASONS! • "THE LAND PRICE WAS A BARGAIN!“ • "THE GOVERNMENT WUS JUS’ GIVIN’ IT AWAY!“ • "HEY, IT WAS NEAR THE WATER!“ • “. . . BUT THERE WERE OTHER FARMERS NEARBY. “ • "NOBODY ELSE WANTED IT!"
CONCEPTUALIZE THE SITE: WHAT CONSTITUTES A SITE? • A PIECE OF LAND? COAST? COUNTRY? • A SPECIFIC PROFIT CENTER? • A SPECIFIC PRODUCT? • SOCIAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION?
ASSUMPTIONS • STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND • PLAN TO UTILIZE EVERY INCENTIVE V • STRIVING FOR E R T I C A L INTEGRATION
DISCLAIMERS • NO SITE IS TYPICAL • NO PROJECT IS ENTIRELY PREDICTABLE • NO GOVERNMENT IS ENTIRELY ACCOMODATING • MONEY DOES NOT GROW ON TREES • THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES!!!
Hatchery Sanitation • Purpose 1: prevent foreign agents from entering hatchery (What does this control? ) • Purpose 2: limits disease spread to tank of origin (doesn’t run from tank to tank, etc.
Is clear water clean? ?
Pick a good site!!!
Hawaiian Hatcheries, Phillipines
Typical Well Abstraction Perforated well screen (500 µM), 4 in. PVC high tide Discharge to hatchery 2 in. PVC Perforated well screen (250 µM) low tide hydrologic zone Sealed concrete pump house 2 -3 hp selfpriming/cooling centrifugal pump
Seawater Abstraction: well-point Ocean bottom 6 -8 ft Pea gravel Microscreen 1 mm sand substrate 24 in. perforated pipe
Seawater Abstraction: open ocean intake
Hatchery Sanitation
Preventive Guidelines • Reduces vertically-transmitted pathogens: • 1) import only eggs, never juveniles/adults • 2) eggs should be from SPF/high health facilities • 3) wild individuals should be prohibited or all water, etc. needs to be disinfected • 4) disinfect all eggs prior to stocking hatching containers (also disinfect/destroy all shipping containers) • chemicals: iodophores (Argentyne) 100 ppm for 10 -15 min
Guidelines for Limiting Spread • Disinfect all hatchery and personal equipment after or between use (equipment must be clean prior to disinfection) • sports fishermen or farmers should never be allowed near facility (political issue) • transfer/shipping equipment, vehicles must all be disinfected whenever leaving grounds • do not overlook any possible source of contamination • proper hatchery design limits spread
Biosecurity: General Issues • Definition: the sum of all procedures in place to protect shrimp from contracting, carrying and spreading diseases • critical to identify all known and potential vectors • critical: use only seed from SPF or highhealth facilities • stocks monitored periodically for disease using rapid methodologies • infection of facility = shut-down, complete disinfection (chlorine gas, formaldehyde, etc. )
Biosecurity: General Issues • Other potential disease sources: incoming water • facility should be isolated from other farms, processing plants, capture fisheries • water should be recycled • replacement water disinfected by chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light • avoid vectors: gulls, dogs, crabs, etc. • feeds ( prepared vs. raw)
Part 2. Biosecurity • Recently, fish/shrimp disease agents and associated problems have spread from foreign countries to the U. S. • major efforts established defense against disease • due to severity of issue, parallel efforts were undertaken to design production systems to exclude diseases • such systems are called “biosecure” • key issue: zero water exchange
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