Скачать презентацию Hardware of Information Systems Hun Myoung Park Ph Скачать презентацию Hardware of Information Systems Hun Myoung Park Ph

016ba87987e6dfcadf4e9d94330c429a.ppt

  • Количество слайдов: 76

Hardware of Information Systems Hun Myoung Park, Ph. D. , Public Management and Policy Hardware of Information Systems Hun Myoung Park, Ph. D. , Public Management and Policy Analysis Program Graduate School of International Relations International University of Japan

2 Outline ¡ Binary Systems ¡ Types of Computers ¡ Central Process Unit ¡ 2 Outline ¡ Binary Systems ¡ Types of Computers ¡ Central Process Unit ¡ Bus Systems ¡ Memory Unit ¡ Storage Unit ¡ Input Unit ¡ Output Unit

3 Binary Systems 3 Binary Systems

4 What Is Binary System? ¡ Only two states available ¡ On/off, yes/no, present/absent, 4 What Is Binary System? ¡ Only two states available ¡ On/off, yes/no, present/absent, 1/0, etc. Decimal system 0 ← 0× 20 1 ← 1× 20 2 ← (1× 21)+(0× 20) 3 ← (1× 21)+(1× 20) 4 ← (1× 22)+(0× 21) +(0× 20) 5 ← (1× 22)+(0× 21) +(1× 20) Binary system 0 1 10 11 100 101

5 Why Binary? ¡ Analog versus digital computers ¡ Sensitive to electrical interference ¡ 5 Why Binary? ¡ Analog versus digital computers ¡ Sensitive to electrical interference ¡ Easy to distinguish a signal from others ¡ Fast speed of computers

6 Binary Memory Units ¡ Bit = binary digit, ¡ Byte = 8 bits 6 Binary Memory Units ¡ Bit = binary digit, ¡ Byte = 8 bits (one character) ¡ Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes = 210 bytes ¡ Megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes = 220 bytes ¡ Gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes = 230 bytes ¡ Terabyte (TB) = 1 trillion bytes = 240 bytes ¡ Petabyte (PB) = 1 million gigabytes = 250 bytes ¡ Exabyte (EB) = 1, 000 PB = 260 bytes ¡ Zettabyte (ZB) = 270 bytes, Yottabyte (YB) = 280 bytes

7 Binary Coding System ¡ Binary coding schemes for letters/numbers ¡ EBCDIC, ASCII, UNICODE 7 Binary Coding System ¡ Binary coding schemes for letters/numbers ¡ EBCDIC, ASCII, UNICODE ¡ EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) by IBM • 8 bits (28=256 characters). • 10 code pages used

8 ASCII ¡ ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) by the U. S. 8 ASCII ¡ ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) by the U. S. ¡ 7 bits (ASCII) and 8 bits (extended ASCII). ¡ 2 code paged used. ¡ISO (8859 -1) and 1252 for Windows. ¡ http: //www. barrcentral. com/help/rje/Appendix_B_A SCII_and_EBCDIC_Standards. htm

9 UNICODE 1 ¡ UNICODE is the universal character encoding standard used for representation 9 UNICODE 1 ¡ UNICODE is the universal character encoding standard used for representation of text for computer processing ¡ Multilingual character systems ¡ Provides a unique hex encoded number for every character no matter what the platform, program or language is used ¡ Uses fixed 16 bits (2 bytes) for a character

10 UNICODE 2 ¡ Unicode Standard has been adopted by most industry leaders (e. 10 UNICODE 2 ¡ Unicode Standard has been adopted by most industry leaders (e. g. , IBM, Microsoft) ¡ Unicode is required by Web and modern standards (e. g. , XML)

11 Types of Computers 11 Types of Computers

12 General vs. Special Purpose ¡ General purpose computers ¡ Special purpose computers 12 General vs. Special Purpose ¡ General purpose computers ¡ Special purpose computers

13 Single-user Computers ¡ Workstation ¡ Desktop, nettop ¡ Portable computers ¡ Laptop (notebook) 13 Single-user Computers ¡ Workstation ¡ Desktop, nettop ¡ Portable computers ¡ Laptop (notebook) ¡ Netbook/minibook/ultrabook ¡ Tablet PC (e. g. , Galaxy Note, i. Pad) ¡ Handheld computer (e. g. , PDA, Tremble Juno) ¡ Smartphone, smartwatch

14 Multiple-user Computers ¡ Servers ¡ Client-server model ¡ Computer hardware functioning as servers 14 Multiple-user Computers ¡ Servers ¡ Client-server model ¡ Computer hardware functioning as servers ¡ Individual server software packages. ¡ Mainframe computers ¡ Supercomputers ¡ Blurring lines of distinction of computers

15 Supercomputer ¡ Supercomputers announced biannually on http: //www. top 500. org. ¡ FLOPS 15 Supercomputer ¡ Supercomputers announced biannually on http: //www. top 500. org. ¡ FLOPS (floating-point operations per second) for evaluating supercomputers. ¡ Giga. FLOPS (109 FLOPS), Tera. FLOPS, and Peta. FLOPS ¡ Sunway, Tianen-2 (China), Titan-Cray (US) Sequoia (US), Oakforest-PACS (Japan) …

16 Computer Hardware ¡ Processor ¡ Storage ¡ Input ¡ Output 16 Computer Hardware ¡ Processor ¡ Storage ¡ Input ¡ Output

17 Central Processing Unit 17 Central Processing Unit

18 Central Processing Unit 1 ¡ Actually process data/information ¡ Processor (microprocessor) ¡ Consists 18 Central Processing Unit 1 ¡ Actually process data/information ¡ Processor (microprocessor) ¡ Consists of ALU (Arithmetic/logic unit), register, and control unit ¡ Registers store data (instruction, data, address, status for program, accumulation) temporarily ¡ Bus connects components including CPU, RAM, I/O devices

20 Microprocessor ¡ Intel: 80 series, 4004, 8008, 8086, 8080, 80286, 80386, 80486, 80586 20 Microprocessor ¡ Intel: 80 series, 4004, 8008, 8086, 8080, 80286, 80386, 80486, 80586 ¡ Intel variations: AMD and Cyrix ¡ Motorola: 68 series, 68000, 68020, … Power PC for Apple Macintosh (Zilog 80 for Apple II) ¡ IBM: Power series (e. g. , Power 7 795) ¡ Multicore microprocessor combines two or more independent processors in a single chip. Dual, quad, hexa, octa core, …

21 Characteristics of Processor ¡ Machine cycle ¡ Clock speed ¡ Word size 21 Characteristics of Processor ¡ Machine cycle ¡ Clock speed ¡ Word size

22 Machine Cycle ¡ Instruction phase: fetch and decode instruction, and then pass to 22 Machine Cycle ¡ Instruction phase: fetch and decode instruction, and then pass to execution unit ¡ Execution phase: execute instructions and store results. ¡ Machine cycle time: MIPS (millions of instructions executed per second)

23 Clock Speed ¡ A series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate; The 23 Clock Speed ¡ A series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate; The number of machine cycles per second ¡ Microcode: predetermined internal instructions (elementary circuits and logical operations that the processor performs) ¡ Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz) ¡ Clock speed versus heat problem

24 Word Size ¡ Refers to the number of bits it can hold in 24 Word Size ¡ Refers to the number of bits it can hold in registers, process at one time, and send through its internal (not I/O) bus. ¡ Indicate the speed of a computer, “The longer a word the faster the computer” ¡ It depends on systems: 8 bit machine (Apple II), 16 bit machine (IBM PC), 32 bit machine (386/486/Mac), 64 bit machine (Pentium/Power PC)

25 Moore’s Law ¡ Gordon Moore’s observation ¡ Transistor densities on a single chip 25 Moore’s Law ¡ Gordon Moore’s observation ¡ Transistor densities on a single chip double about every two years.

26 Multiprocessing ¡ Simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time 26 Multiprocessing ¡ Simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time ¡ Parallel computing: simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster. ¡ Multicore processors, massively parallel processing systems ¡ Grid computing is the use of a collection of computers owned by multiple individuals.

27 27

28 28

29 GPU and Others ¡ Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) for visualization and gaming ¡ 29 GPU and Others ¡ Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) for visualization and gaming ¡ Video RAM and cooling systems ¡ FPU (Floating Point Unit): math coprocessor to improve floating point calculation.

30 Performance and Heat ¡ “[A]s more cores are added, the power consumption increases 30 Performance and Heat ¡ “[A]s more cores are added, the power consumption increases faster than processing performance” (p. 113). ¡ Processing speed (cores, clock speed), power consumption (heat), size, and cost should be considered carefully.

31 Bus Systems 31 Bus Systems

32 Bus and Expansion ¡ System bus (CPU <--> RAM) ¡ Frontside bus (CPU 32 Bus and Expansion ¡ System bus (CPU <--> RAM) ¡ Frontside bus (CPU <--> Northbridge chipset) ¡ Memory bus (Northbridge chipset <--> RAM) ¡ Expansion bus (chipset-peripheral devices): e. g. , PCI bus and USB bus ¡ Expansion bus tends to be slower than system bus because I/O devices are slower than CPU and RAM.

33 33

34 Expansion Bus 1 ¡ ISA (industry standard architecture) for 16 bit bus. Suggested 34 Expansion Bus 1 ¡ ISA (industry standard architecture) for 16 bit bus. Suggested by IBM ¡ EISA (enhanced industry standard architecture) for 32 bit bus ¡ PCMCIA (personal computer memory card international association), PC cards ¡ AGP (accelerated graphics port) for 3 D graphics

35 Expansion Bus 2 ¡ PCI (peripheral component interconnect) for 32 and 64 bit 35 Expansion Bus 2 ¡ PCI (peripheral component interconnect) for 32 and 64 bit bus. ¡ PCI-E or PCIe (PCI express) for 32 bits ¡ PCI-X (PCI extended) for 64 bits

36 Hot Swapping (Plugging) ¡ Replacing computer component without shutting downing or rebooting. ¡ 36 Hot Swapping (Plugging) ¡ Replacing computer component without shutting downing or rebooting. ¡ USB (universal serial bus), USB 1~3 ¡ Fire. Wire (IEEE 1394) by Apple. ¡ Fire. Wire 400 and 800 (IEEE 1394 b or Fire. Wire 2) ¡ Thunder. Bolt (Display. Port or USB) ¡ Fire. Wire 1 < USB 2 < Fire. Wire 2 < USB 3

37 Memory Unit (RAM/ROM) 37 Memory Unit (RAM/ROM)

38 RAM 1 ¡ RAM (random access memory) ¡ Primary storage or internal memory 38 RAM 1 ¡ RAM (random access memory) ¡ Primary storage or internal memory ¡ Store information temporarily (Volatile storage) for CPU and I/O devices ¡ Bandwidth (memory clock), MHz ¡ Data transfer, rate MB/s

39 RAM 2 ¡ Voltage ¡ Column address strobe (CAS) latency: lag time ¡ 39 RAM 2 ¡ Voltage ¡ Column address strobe (CAS) latency: lag time ¡ Error-correcting code (ECC) for servers ¡ Tend to be larger (capacity), faster, cheaper

40 RAM 3 ¡ Static RAM (SRAM) ¡ Dynamic RAM (DRAM) ¡ Extended data 40 RAM 3 ¡ Static RAM (SRAM) ¡ Dynamic RAM (DRAM) ¡ Extended data out (EDO)/ Rambus DRAM ¡ Single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM) ¡ Double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) ¡ DDR 2, DDR 3, DD 4, DDR 5 (especially for GPU)

41 RAM 4 ¡ Memory module socket: ¡ Single in-line memory module (SIMM) ¡ 41 RAM 4 ¡ Memory module socket: ¡ Single in-line memory module (SIMM) ¡ Dual IMM (DIMM) ¡ Small outline DIMM (SODIMM) ¡ Rambus IMM (RIMM) ¡ Socket size: 32/72/168/184/240 pin

42 Cache Memory ¡ Cache memory stores frequently used data ¡ Level 1 (L 42 Cache Memory ¡ Cache memory stores frequently used data ¡ Level 1 (L 1) cache on CPU chip (1 -3 clock cycles needed) ¡ Level 2 (L 2) needs 6 -12 cycles ¡ Level 3 (L 3) needs dozens of cycles ¡ Secondary storage needs hundreds of cycles ¡ Cache bridges a gap between processor speeds and RAM access rates (slower)

43 Read Only Memory (ROM) ¡ Used for firmware: Bootstrap and ROM BIOS (Basic 43 Read Only Memory (ROM) ¡ Used for firmware: Bootstrap and ROM BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) ¡ Not volatile but programmable somehow ¡ Programmable ROM (PROM) ¡ Erasable PROM (EPROM) ¡ Electronically EPROM (EEPROM): flash memory; ROM BIOS ¡ Phase Change Memory (PCM)

44 Storage Unit 44 Storage Unit

45 Storage Unit ¡ Secondary Storage, not volatile ¡ Data Access Methods ¡ Sequential 45 Storage Unit ¡ Secondary Storage, not volatile ¡ Data Access Methods ¡ Sequential (tape) ¡ Direct access (disk) ¡ Indexed sequential

46 Magnetic Media ¡ Tape: magnetic tape, cartridge type ¡ Floppy disk: single/double/high density 46 Magnetic Media ¡ Tape: magnetic tape, cartridge type ¡ Floppy disk: single/double/high density ¡ Hard (magnetic) disk: EIDE/PATA/SCSI ¡ Removable disk: ZIP, JAZ ¡ RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disk) ¡ Virtual tape

47 Optical Media ¡ CD-ROM (Compact Disc ROM) ¡ DVD (Digital Video Disc) ¡ 47 Optical Media ¡ CD-ROM (Compact Disc ROM) ¡ DVD (Digital Video Disc) ¡ HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc) ¡ Blur-ray ¡ Unreadable overtime (not permanent)

48 Solid State Storage Devices ¡ Solid state storage devices (SSD) ¡ Semi-conductor ¡ 48 Solid State Storage Devices ¡ Solid state storage devices (SSD) ¡ Semi-conductor ¡ Fast, light, less sensitive to shocks, but expensive ¡ Limit in the number of being rewritten (nature of semi-conductor) ¡ Compact flash (CF) drive, picture card

49 Enterprise Storage Options ¡ Attached storage: magnetic, optical media ¡ Network-attached storage (NAS) 49 Enterprise Storage Options ¡ Attached storage: magnetic, optical media ¡ Network-attached storage (NAS) using file input/output ¡ Storage area network (SAN) using subsets of data ¡ Storage as a service: box. com

50 Hard Disk 1 ¡ IDE (integrated drive electronics) by Western digital and EIDE 50 Hard Disk 1 ¡ IDE (integrated drive electronics) by Western digital and EIDE (enhanced IDE) ¡ ATA (AT attachment) and ATAPI (ATA packet interface) for CD-ROM and ZIP ¡ Parallel ATA (PATA) or EIDE: Ultra DMA (direct memory access) 133 MB/s ¡ Serial ATA (SATA): 150~300 MB/s, e. SATA ¡ SCSI (small computer system interface): fast/wide/ultra-160/320/640

51 51

52 Excerpted from Morley & Parker (2009) 52 Excerpted from Morley & Parker (2009)

53 Hard Disk 4 ¡ Components: sector/cluster, track, cylinder, header ¡ Access time: seek 53 Hard Disk 4 ¡ Components: sector/cluster, track, cylinder, header ¡ Access time: seek time + latency ¡ Seek time (milliseconds) for read/write head to move the track of interest ¡ Latency, rotation time, for header is positioned over the sector of interest. ¡ Rotation speed: revolutions per minute (RPM), 7200 for ATA, 10~15 K for SCSI

54 Summary of Storage Unit 1 ¡ Larger in capacity, smaller in size, faster, 54 Summary of Storage Unit 1 ¡ Larger in capacity, smaller in size, faster, cheaper, networked ¡ Importance of data management; RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks) ¡ Dominance of serial devices: SATA, serial SCSI, USB, Apple’s firewire (IEEE 1394 interface)

55 Summary of Storage Unit 2 ¡ Networked storage: shift the storage paradigm → 55 Summary of Storage Unit 2 ¡ Networked storage: shift the storage paradigm → Data center, data grid, but it involves data security issues ¡ Flash memory and new material: blurring primary and secondary memories

56 Input Unit 56 Input Unit

57 Input Unit ¡ Read/translate data into a computer for processing. ¡ People spend 57 Input Unit ¡ Read/translate data into a computer for processing. ¡ People spend most time working with input unit →Importance of input unit ¡ “Garbage in, garbage out”: Data integrity, privacy, human errors, etc. ¡ Ergonomics: study of the physical relationships between people and work environments, CTS (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)

58 Keyboard ¡ Keyboard arrangement is about how to allocate characters to keys in 58 Keyboard ¡ Keyboard arrangement is about how to allocate characters to keys in keyboard ¡ QWERTY versus Dvorak arrangement. ¡ More efficient Dvorak arrangement is rarely used, while inefficient QWERTY is widely used ¡ Lock-in effect in technology standards

59 Pointing Devices ¡ Mice, trackballs, joysticks ¡ Touchpads ¡ Light pens ¡ Digitizing 59 Pointing Devices ¡ Mice, trackballs, joysticks ¡ Touchpads ¡ Light pens ¡ Digitizing tablets

60 Scanning Devices ¡Image scanner (page/handheld), Fax machines (facsimile) ¡Bar-code scanner ¡ MICR (magnetic-ink 60 Scanning Devices ¡Image scanner (page/handheld), Fax machines (facsimile) ¡Bar-code scanner ¡ MICR (magnetic-ink character recognition) ¡ OMR (optical mark recognition) ¡ OCR (optical character recognition)

61 Other Devices ¡ Touch-sensitive screens ¡ Voice-recognition (e. g. , Galaxy Note) ¡ 61 Other Devices ¡ Touch-sensitive screens ¡ Voice-recognition (e. g. , Galaxy Note) ¡ Motion-sensing ¡ Human-biology input (biometric systems) ¡ Smart cards ¡ Point-of-sale ¡ Radio frequency identification (RFID)

62 Output Unit 62 Output Unit

63 Output Unit ¡ Translate processed information into a form that humans can understand 63 Output Unit ¡ Translate processed information into a form that humans can understand

64 Monitor & Display 1 ¡ CRT (Cathode-Ray Tubes) ¡ Plasma display: gas atoms 64 Monitor & Display 1 ¡ CRT (Cathode-Ray Tubes) ¡ Plasma display: gas atoms ¡ LCD (liquid-crystal display): fluorescent light ¡ LED (light-emitting diode): light-emitting diodes ¡ Organic LED (OLED): organic compounds

65 Monitor & Display 2 ¡ MDA (monochrome display adapter) ¡ CGA (color graphics 65 Monitor & Display 2 ¡ MDA (monochrome display adapter) ¡ CGA (color graphics adapter) ¡ EGA (enhance graphics adapter) ¡ VGA (video graphics array) ¡ SVGA (super VGA) ¡ XGA (extended graphics array)

66 Monitor & Display 3 ¡ VGA: 640 x 480 (4: 3) ¡ SVGA 66 Monitor & Display 3 ¡ VGA: 640 x 480 (4: 3) ¡ SVGA (Super VGA): 800 x 600 (4: 3) ¡ HD (High definition): 1, 280 x 720 (16: 9) ¡ UHD/FHD(Ultra/full HD): 1, 920 x 1, 080 ¡ QHD (Quad HD): 3, 840 x 2, 160 ¡ UHD 4 K: 4, 096 x 2, 160, 3, 840 x 2, 160 ¡ QUHD (Quad/full UHD) 8 K: 7, 680 x 4, 320

67 Monitor & Display 4 67 Monitor & Display 4

68 Monitor & Display 5 (Bus) ¡ ISA (8/16 bit) ¡ MCA (32 bit) 68 Monitor & Display 5 (Bus) ¡ ISA (8/16 bit) ¡ MCA (32 bit) ¡ EISA/VESA (32 bit) ¡ PCI (32/64 bit) ¡ AGP 1 x-8 x (32 bit) ¡ PCIe x (serial bus)

69 Monitor & Display 6 ¡ VGA connector (9 pin) or D-SUB connector ¡ 69 Monitor & Display 6 ¡ VGA connector (9 pin) or D-SUB connector ¡ DVI (Digital Visual Interface) ¡ Composite video ¡ S-Video ¡ Component video ¡ HDMI (Hight Definition Multimedia Interface) ¡ Display. Port, mini Diplay. Port

70 Consideration for Monitor ¡ Pixel & resolution ¡ Dot pitch (distance between dot) 70 Consideration for Monitor ¡ Pixel & resolution ¡ Dot pitch (distance between dot) ¡ Refresh rate ¡ Aspect ratio (4: 3, 5: 4, 16: 9, etc. ), screen size ¡ The number of colors, power consumption ¡ Balance among graphic adapter, monitor, and s/w

71 Printer 1 ¡ Impact printer for raster graphics ¡ Dot-matrix printer and line 71 Printer 1 ¡ Impact printer for raster graphics ¡ Dot-matrix printer and line printer ¡ CPS (# characters per second) and PPM (# pages per minute) ¡ Low maintenance cost. Cost effective

72 Printer 2 ¡ Laser printer: fast and quiet, high maintenance cost ¡ Ink-jet 72 Printer 2 ¡ Laser printer: fast and quiet, high maintenance cost ¡ Ink-jet printer: quiet and supporting higher resolution, high maintenance cost ¡ bubble-jet printer ¡ 3 D printer—new paradigm

73 Plotter ¡ Vector graphics (as opposed to raster graphics-dot matrix data structure) ¡ 73 Plotter ¡ Vector graphics (as opposed to raster graphics-dot matrix data structure) ¡ X, y coordinates ¡ Computer-aided design and large drawings ¡ Slow and expensive

74 Other Output Unit ¡ Voice output: speech synthesis ¡ Sound output: MP 3 74 Other Output Unit ¡ Voice output: speech synthesis ¡ Sound output: MP 3 player (ipod) ¡ E-book readers: Kindle, Kobo Aura

75 Input/Output Devices ¡ Terminal (input/output) ¡ Dumb/Intelligent terminal ¡ Point-of-sale terminal ¡ ATM 75 Input/Output Devices ¡ Terminal (input/output) ¡ Dumb/Intelligent terminal ¡ Point-of-sale terminal ¡ ATM ¡ Cellular phone, telephone, GPS terminals ¡ Smart cards ¡ Touch screens

76 References ¡ Stair and Reynolds. 2016. Principles of information systems, 12 th ed. 76 References ¡ Stair and Reynolds. 2016. Principles of information systems, 12 th ed. Cengage Learning. ¡ Stair and Reynolds. 2012. Information systems, 10 th ed. Cengage Learning. ¡ Morley and Parker. 2015. Understanding computers, 15 th ed. Cengage Learning. ¡ Hutchinson and Sawyer. 2000. Computers, Communications, and Information, 7 th ed. Irwin/Mc. Graw-Hill