Hands-On Software Defined Radio Getting Started with Software

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Hands-On Software Defined Radio Getting Started with Software Defined Radios - or - “Now that I can spell SDR, what now? ” Scotty Cowling, WA 2 DFI 2008 Dayton Hamvention SDR Forum © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Presentation Overview q Brief introduction to SDR concepts q Examples of SDR RF hardware q Examples of SDR software q PC System Requirements q Musings on applications and the future q Links and Resources to get you started © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

What is an SDR anyway? Software Defined Radio An SDR in general is a radio that has q q Primary functionality (mod/demodulation, filtering, etc) defined in software DSP algorithms implemented in configurable hardware and/or PC software Best known examples of SDRs q q Flex. Radio Systems SDR-1000, FLEX-5000 A Tony Parks, KB 9 YIG’s Soft. Rock series of kits An SDR is NOT: q q q A computer-controlled conventional radio A conventional radio with a GUI integrated into its front panel A Super. Het rig with AF-DSP © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Why SDR? Why would you do that? (Use a PC for a radio, that is? ) q Radios look more and more like computers – user acceptance q Highest performance: Flex. Radio FLEX-5000 A q Lowest Cost: Soft. Rock RXTX, US$31 q Most Flexible: HPSDR, USRP q Demodulation/Filtering/Interfacing flexibility – user demands q Pervasive, inexpensive and high performance PC platforms q Open Source (GPL, OHL, NCL) builds synergy © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

What Is SDR? How do they do that? (Make a PC into a radio, that is? ) q Antenna to speaker (RX) q Microphone (or paddle, keyboard, computer) to antenna (TX) q Modulation, Demodulation and Filtering q RF generation q Operating the Radio – the Graphical User Interface (GUI) © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Modulation and Demodulation and Filtering, Oh My! q Software Algorithms (e. g. , Dtt. SP) q Hardware Algorithms (e. g. , inside an FPGA) q Mathematics, very dangerous! You go first! © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

The Graphical User Interface (GUI) The GUI is your window into controlling your SDR q What you see is what you get! q Conventional (Power. SDR) or SDR-adapted (Rocky) q One size does NOT fit all q Controls hardware functions (obvious) q q PTT, antenna switching, RF power level Controls software functions (not so obvious) q Modulation/demodulation type, calibration, RX filter BW q Ancillary functions: logging, spotting, multiplier checking, grayline © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware Some Examples of SDR Hardware q Homebrew q Soft. Rock - RXTXv 6. 2 q HPSDR - Atlas, Ozy, Janus, Penelope, Mercury, Alex q Quicksilver - QS 1 R (RX only now, QS 1 T TX coming soon) q USRP – USRP-PKG, LFRX, LFTX q Flex. Radio Systems – SDR-1000, FLEX-5000 A q Perseus and SDR-IQ (RX only) © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware q q q Cost: US$30 to US$38 QSD RX/QSE RX 1 W RF output Crystal controlled 7 versions: q q q q XTALLv 1. 1 (US$12+20) q q 160 m (1. 812, 1. 843, 1. 919) 80 m (3. 514, 3. 549, 3. 579) 80 m/40 m (3. 507/7. 014, 3. 527/7. 055) 40 m/30 m (7. 014, 7. 056, 10. 124) 30 m/20 m (10. 124, 14. 050) 17 m/15 m (21. 050, 21. 160) 12 m/10 m (user supplied xtals) 16 DIP switch selected frequencies Made by Tony Parks, KB 9 YIG Soft. Rock RXTXv 6. 2 http: //groups. yahoo. com/group/softrock 40 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sidebar: Soft. Rock History Soft. Rocks Through Time q 2005: Soft. Rock 40 Receiver (kit retired) q q q Q 1 -Q 2 2006: Soft. Rock 5 Receiver (kit retired) q q q RC phase shifter, quadrature mixer (no QSD) for better performance on 10 m, RX only 500 produced Q 4 2006: Soft. Rock Lite Receiver (only $10!) (kit retired) q q q 2 bands on one board, 4 x or 8 x clock, RX only 2, 000 kits produced Q 2 -Q 3 2006: Soft. Rock 7 Receiver (kit retired) q q RC phase shifter, 2 board set (QSD and BPF/Osc), RX only 1, 000 kits produced Q 2 -Q 3 2006: Soft. Rock 6 Receiver (kit retired) q q 4 x Xtal Osc, QSD, RX only 1, 000 kits produced (800 by Am. QRP, 200 by KB 9 YIG) QSD similar to Soft. Rock 6, RX only Over 2, 700 produced Q 4 2006: Soft. Rock RXTX (v 6. 1, v 6. 2) (current production) q q Soft. Rock 6 RX, QSE, 1 W PA, transceiver Over 2, 400 sold so far © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sidebar: Soft. Rock History Think SDR isn’t interesting or popular? 11, 000 Soft. Rock owners* disagree with you!!!! Thank You for your contribution to SDR, Tony Parks, KB 9 YIG * Well, maybe some of them own more than one kit. As a member of s. AA (Soft. Rock Assemblers Anonymous), I can only tell you that I own more than one. © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

What is the HPSDR Project…? The HPSDR Project is a modular, open source hardware and software platform for development of all components of a Software Defined Radio. It is also a group of volunteers dedicated to the building of a pool of open-source Software Defined Radio design information. HPSDR specifically is a radio with the following features: q q Very High Performance Based upon an open source model (OHL/NCL hardware, GPL software) Modular and expandable Contributes to the advancement the State of the Radio Art © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

…and why is TAPR involved? HPSDR is not based in Tucson q Group of dedicated volunteers with worldwide participation q HPSDR group is tied together by the Internet (Teamspeak, E-mail, Web-based Wiki) HPSDR is not Packet Radio q It could be used for that mode, since it is software defined q It is predominately digital Main components are fully assembled and tested (not traditional TAPR kits) q Fine pin pitch of SMT components requires special tools and skills for assembly q Not for the faint of heart (or fuzzy-visioned) q Simple boards still offered as kits, complex ones offered assembled and tested © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

TAPR’s MISSION Support HPSDR development with: R&D funding • Breadboard prototypes • Alpha PCBs Volume production • Put leading edge technology into many hands Result: Ever growing pool of contributors, experimenters and subsequent advancement of the radio art Even though HPSDR is not Packet Radio, TAPR’s mission hasn’t really changed! © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

The Boards q Atlas: The Backplane (US$35 – kit) q Pinocchio: The Extender (US$18 – kit) q Ozymandias: USB gateway (US$137 a/t) q Janus: Baseband A/D and D/A Converter (US$163 a/t) q Penelope: Transmitter/Exciter (US$219 a/t) q Mercury: Direct Sampling Front End (coming soon) q Alexiares: RF Bandpass Filter Board Set (coming soon) http: //tapr. org Hamvention Booths 455 -458 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Atlas/Ozy/Janus, why do I need them? If you have (or are contemplating) an SDR-1000 q q Sound card? We don’t need no stinkin’ sound card! q Janus has a 24 -bit, 192 -ksps A/D input q Replaces Delta-44 ($150) or Edirol FA-66 ($300) Oops, don’t have a parallel port! q Ozy has a parallel control interface q Replaces USB-to-Parallel converter ($70) © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Atlas/Ozy/Janus, why do I need them? If you don’t have an SDR-1000 q q Why not? Want to play with low cost SDR? q Try Tony KB 9 YIG’s Soft. Rock series ($31) q groups. yahoo. com/group/softrock 40 How about a high-performance audio spectrum analyzer? Ozy provides USB 2. 0 for Penelope and Mercury © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware Quicksilver QS 1 R VERB q VERB = VErsatile Receiver Board q 16 -bit 125 Ms/s ADC q 15 k. Hz – 55 MHz Receiver (LPF input) q 15 k. Hz – 300 MHz Receiver (direct input) q No sound system required q USB 2. 0 connection to computer q Very high-performance and versatile q SDRMAXII GUI, QS 1 RServer control/DSP software and hardware is Open Source q Cost: US$849 q Designed by Phil Covington, N 8 VB http: //www. philcovington. com/Quick. Silver http: //groups. yahoo. com/group/qs 1 r © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware More Quicksilver Boards From N 8 VB q QS 1 F – A Front-end Filter Board for the QS 1 R q q RF Amplifier q Attenuator q q Preselctor Planned availability: June/July 2008 QS 1 T – Direct Up Conversion Transmitter Board q 15 k. Hz – 55 MHz q 1 Watt Output q Planned availability: Aug/Sep 2008 http: //www. philcovington. com/Quick. Silver http: //groups. yahoo. com/group/qs 1 r © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware Ettus Research USRP q q q q USRP = Universal Software Radio Peripheral Motherboard accepts up to four daughter cards Open Source hardware and software On-board FPGA and USB 2. 0 interface Ten daughter card types, and counting! GNU Radio supports Linux, Windows, Mac Cost: $700 (including enclosure & PS) Built by Matt Ettus, N 2 MJI http: //www. ettus. com © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware Ettus Research USRP Daughter Cards q q q 800 MHz to 2400 MHz Receiver q q q DC to 30 MHz Receiver (US$75) DC to 30 MHz Transmitter (US$75) 1 MHz to 250 MHz Receiver (US$75) 1 MHz to 250 MHz Transmitter (US$75) 50 MHz to 860 MHz Receiver (US$100) 800 MHz to 2400 MHz Receiver (US$150) 750 MHz to 1050 MHz Transceiver (US$275) 1150 MHz to 1450 MHz Transceiver (US$275) 1. 5 GHz to 2. 1 GHz Transceiver (US$275) 2. 3 GHz to 2. 9 GHz Transceiver (US$275) http: //www. ettus. com 2. 3 GHz to 2. 9 GHz Transceiver © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware Flex. Radio Systems SDR-1000 q Discontinued, available used q High performance q 160 m – 6 m band TX coverage q 12 k. Hz – 60 MHz RX coverage q Available in 1 W or 100 W version q Requires supported sound system q Cost: US$1, 000 - US$1500 used http: //www. flex-radio. com Hamvention Booths 313 -315 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware Flex. Radio Systems FLEX-5000 A q Very high performance q 160 m – 6 m band TX coverage q 10 k. Hz – 65 MHz RX coverage q Available 100 W version q No sound system required q Requires Firewire connection to PC q Also available as FLEX-5000 C with integrated computer q Cost: US$2799 q Built by Gerald Youngblood, K 5 SDR http: //www. flex-radio. com Hamvention Booths 313 -315 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware Perseus VLF- HF Receiver q 14 -bit 80 Ms/s ADC q Step input attenuator, 10 -band preselector q High IP 3 preamp q 10 k. Hz – 30 MHz Receiver q 10 k. Hz – 40 MHz spectrum analyzer q No sound system required q USB 2. 0 connection to computer q Perseus Control Software for Windows 2000, XP, Vista q Cost: £ 553 (€ 694, US$1075) excl vat http: //www. microtelecom. it/perseus Hamvention Booths 652 -653 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Hardware RF Space SDR-IQ VLF – HF Receiver q 14 -bit 66. 6 Ms/s ADC q Switched input attenuators and filters q 500 Hz – 30 MHz Receiver/Spectrum Analyzer q No sound system required q USB 2. 0 powered – no power supply q Network Server for Linux/Windows allows remote use q Spectra. Vue Software for Windows 2000, XP, Vista q Cost: US$499 http: //www. rfspace. com http: //groups. yahoo. com/group/SDR-IQ © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Software Some Examples of SDR Software q Power. SDR (http: //www. flex-radio. com) q Rocky (http: //www. dxatlas. com/rocky) q u. WSDR (http: //uwsdr. berlios. de) q SDRMAXII (http: //groups. yahoo. com/group/qs 1 r) q SDR-Shell (http: //ewpereira. info/sdr-shell) q Linrad (http: //www. nitehawk. com/sm 5 bsz/linuxdsp/linrad. htm) q Winrad (http: //www. winrad. org/winrad/) q Spectra. Vue (http: //www. moetronix. com) q Dtt. SP (http: //dttsp. sourceforge. net) © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Software u. WSDR q Windows, Linux, Mac OS X q Open Source hardware and software q DSP core based on Dtt. SP q Hardware in development q Group effort, similar to HPSDR http: //uwsdr. berlios. de © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Software SDRMAXII q Originally Windows only, now ported to Linux q Open Source q Support for QS 1 R q Written by Phil Covington, N 8 VB http: //www. philcovington. com/Quick. Silver http: //groups. yahoo. com/group/qs 1 r © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Software SDR Shell q Linux Only q Open Source q Developed using the Qt Toolkit under Ubuntu Linux q GUI control for Dtt. SP SDR core q Currently RX-only (TX under development) q Written by Edson Pereira, PU 1 JTE, N 1 VTN, JF 1 AFN http: //ewpereira. info/sdr-shell © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Software Linrad q Linux, Windows, Free BSD q Works with any soundcard for which the computer has drivers q Free Software q Written by Leif Asbrink, SM 5 BSZ http: //www. nitehawk. com/sm 5 bsz/linuxdsp/linrad. htm © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Software Winrad q Windows only q Implements a subset of Linrad features q Support for SDR-14, SDR-IQ, Perseus, Elektor q Written by Alberto, I 2 PHD and Jeffrey, WA 6 KBL http: //www. winrad. org/winrad © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Software Spectra. Vue q Windows only q Linux Drivers, Active. X Control source provided q Bundled with SDR-IQ Receiver http: //www. moetronix. com/spectravue. htm © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

SDR Examples: Software Dtt. SP q Linux, Windows, (portable to Mac) q Open Source q Written in ANSI-C q Basic processes needed to operate high-performance SDR q Project Founders: q Dr. Frank Brickle, AB 2 KT q Dr. Robert Mc. Gwier, N 4 HY http: //dttsp. sourceforge. net © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

PC Requirements How Much Computer Do I really Need? Q: How much should I spend? A: How much do you have? More is Better, but this should do: Better q Sound System: q CPU: Pentium Class, 1 GHz or faster q Memory: 1 GByte (O/S dependent) q HDD: 10 GByte or more q Ports: USB 2. 0 if you use a USB sound card q Ports: Firewire (IEEE-1394) if you use a Firewire sound card q Display: Get a big one – you’ll be staring at it for hours © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sound System Requirements The Sound System is the single most important part of your SDR Don’t: q q q Expect your motherboard’s built-in sound system to work Buy a $9 no-name sound card Use 6 foot clip leads to feed audio to your sound system Do: q Buy the best sound system that you can afford q Use high-quality shielded cables The Dynamic Range of your mixer-type SD RX is determined by the SOUND SYSTEM © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sound System Requirements The Sound System is the single most important part of your SDR q ADC resolution: 24 bits q ADC sampling rate: 48 K, 96 K, 192 K – bigger slice of the band q ADC S/N ratio – look for around 100 d. B q MUST have stereo line input q Computer Interface – Firewire (IEEE-1394), USB 2. 0, PCI, PCMCIA q Audio Interface – multiple inputs/outputs can simplify cabling q External DC Power – may be required, even on a powered interface Another Solution: q Buy a DS/DUC SDR or one with a built in Sound System © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sound Card Examples High-end Sound Systems q HPSDR Atlas/Ozy/Janus (USB 2. 0) q q q 24 -bit resolution, 192 k. Hz sample rate, >100 d. B S/N Will NOT work as a general-purpose Sound System Under US$400 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sound Card Examples High-end Sound Systems q HPSDR Atlas/Ozy/Janus (USB 2. 0) q q 24 -bit resolution, 192 k. Hz sample rate, >100 d. B S/N Will NOT work as a general-purpose Sound System Under US$400 Edirol FA-66 (Firewire) q 24 -bit resolution, 192 k. Hz sample rate, 102 d. B S/N q Under US$300 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sound Card Examples High-end Sound Systems q HPSDR Atlas/Ozy/Janus (USB 2. 0) q q 24 -bit resolution, 192 k. Hz sample rate, >100 d. B S/N Will NOT work as a general-purpose Sound System Under US$400 Edirol FA-66 (Firewire) q q q 24 -bit resolution, 192 k. Hz sample rate, 102 d. B S/N Under US$300 M-Audio Delta-44 (PCI) q 24 -bit resolution, 96 k. Hz sample rate, 99 d. B S/N q Under US$150 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sound Card Examples Lower-end Sound Systems NOTE: I have not tested these, so beware! q Edirol UA-1 ex (USB 2. 0) q 24 bit, 96 k. Hz (half duplex)/48 k. Hz (full duplex) q Small, USB-powered, perfect for laptops q Under US$80 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Sound Card Examples Lower-end Sound Systems NOTE: I have not tested these, so beware! q Edirol UA-1 ex (USB 2. 0) q q Small, USB-powered, perfect for laptops q q 24 bit, 96 k. Hz (half duplex)/48 k. Hz (full duplex) Under US$80 M-Audio Transit (USB 2. 0) q 24 -bit resolution, 96 k. Hz sample rate, 100 d. B S/N q Small USB-powered, perfect for laptops q Under US$80 © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

What Does the Future Hold? q Spectrum Analyzers, Test Equipment q Self Calibration (software calibrates hardware) q Steerable radio/antenna hybrid arrays q True Diversity Reception (coherent? ) q Diversity Transmission q Remote Control Most of these, if not all, are already here! © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Software Defined Antenna? ? ? Remember this picture? To listen to this SDR, you need: q No radio q No antenna q No fancy sound card q No high powered software q Just a PC with a browser Location: The Netherlands, grid JO 32 KF Frequencies: 3576 - 3624 k. Hz and 7031. 5 – 7079. 5 k. Hz URL: http: //websdr. ewi. utwente. nl: 8901/ (find it fast: Google “Web. SDR”) © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI

Hands-On Software Defined Radio Thank you for your attention! The free CD contains copies of the SDR Forum presentations as well as many, many useful links to SDR information on-line. Be sure to get yours before you leave! © 2008 Scott Cowling WA 2 DFI