H. James Norton norton 100@bellsouth. net Website: www. jimnortonphd. com
Statistical Humor: An Oxymoron?
An utterly steady, reliable woman, responsible to the point of grimness. Daisy was a statistician for the Gallup Poll. (Saul Bellow, Herzog) Is this stereotype of statisticians true?
Keeping undergraduate biology students and medical residents interested in statistics, when the majority of the students are taking the class as a requirement, can be challenging
I attempt to keep the student’s interest with: • Jokes • Cartoons • Poems • One liners & • Jeopardy style questions. . . and breathing fire From my collection, I use at least one, and sometimes several, each time I lecture.
A young fellow from had committed a grievous crime.
He had murdered his In Texas there is no excuse for murdering a horse. If the jury finds you guilty there is only one punishment. Hanging.
On the day of his hanging the warden talked to the prisoner and said, “I am one of the few wardens that follows the law of 1889, and the law requires that I gather a random sample of 100 Texans. ” The warden dragged the prisoner to the auditorium and sure enough there were 100 Texans sitting there. The warden said, “ The law requires that I now give you an hour to speak to these people. ” The prisoner said, “I have nothing to say. ”
Whereupon a professor in the audience stood up and said, “ I don’t think the people of Texas know enough about statistics. If you are not going to use the hour, would you mind if I use it to educate these people about statistics? ” The prisoner said, “ No, go ahead. ” But the prisoner turned to the warden and said, “BUT HANG ME FIRST!”
“Professor I didn’t completely understand the point you made concerning when the probability of an event can = 0. ” Professor, “The probability can only be 0 when the event cannot possibly occur. “ Pointing to a specific bicycle in the rack he says, “What do you think the probability that is my bike? . ” The student says, “I think the probability is 0. ” Professor, “No you don’t understand. The probability that bike is mine is low but not 0. ” Student ” No you don’t understand. That’s my bike!”
From: Statistics Concepts and Controversies by David Moore
It is difficult to understand why statisticians commonly limit their enquires to averages and do not revel in more comprehensive views. Their souls seem as dull to the charm of variety as that of the native of one of our flat English counties whose retrospect of Switzerland was that, if its mountains could be thrown into its lakes, two nuisances would be got rid of at once. Sir Francis Galton (England, 1822 -1911)
From: Statistics Concepts and Controversies by David Moore
Sister, some statisticians think my results are too good to be true. Bother Mendel, of course you would get good results. You’re a saint! Caption added by Jim Norton
An older prisoner makes friends with a new prisoner. The young prisoner tells the older fellow that there is no prison that he cannot escape from and that he will be escaping soon. He asks the older prisoner if he has anything to say. The older prisoner says no. After a few months the young prisoner makes his escape. He’s gone for a week but he is captured, beaten, and dragged back by the guards. He complains how awful it was to the old prisoner. The old prisoner finally says, “Son, we all were as young, tough, and as smart as you. We have tried to escape numerous times. No one has ever escaped from this prison. ” The young prisoner asks, “Why didn’t you tell me this. It would have saved me a lot of pain and suffering. ” The old prisoner shrugs and says “Nobody publishes negative results. ” Moral of story: Always do a power and sample size calculation before the start of your study.
Acknowledgements The prisoner/negative results – Janice Probst “Prisoner’s Dilemma: The Importance of Negative Results” Original citation: “A Case of Need” – M. Crichton
Jeopardy The Category is : Statistics
Statistics for 100 The test that should be performed to answer: • “The general problem may be stated as follows: having given the number of instances in which things are both thus and so, in which they are thus but not so, in which they are so but not thus, and in which they are neither thus nor so, it is required …to determine the quantitative relativity between the thusness and the soness of the things. ”
What is the chi-square test? Thus From: Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, (1888). So Not Thus
Statistics for 100 She said, “ I am fain to sum up an urgent appeal for adopting a uniform system of publishing the statistical records of hospitals. In attempting to arrive at the truth, I have applied everywhere for information, but scarcely have I been able to obtain hospital records fit for any purpose of comparison. ”
Who is Florence Nightingale? Lady with the Lamp
Statistics for 200 He said of the farmers who migrated from Oklahoma to California during the dust bowl era of the 1930’s, “When the Okies left Oklahoma and moved to California, they raised the average intelligence of both states. ”
http: //www. willrogers. org/ Who is Will Rogers?
Statistics for 250 He said, “Everybody knows it’s always heads. ”
Who is George Steinbrenner? Owner New York Yankees (1930 – 2010) Al Rosen had to call the flip of a coin for home-field advantage for a playoff game in 1978. Rosen said: “George, we lost the toss. We’re going to Boston. ” Steinbrenner said: “What!? What did you call? ” Rosen said, “Tails. ” That set Steinbrenner off. He yelled at Rosen, “Everybody knows it’s always heads!”
Statistics for 300 He said, “Data! I cannot make bricks without clay. ” Who is Sherlock Holmes?
Statistics for 400 He said, “ I am not a statistician. I am not a predictor. ”
Who is George W. Bush?
He was responding to : “The White House backed away Wednesday from its own prediction that the economy will add 2. 6 million new jobs before the end of the year, saying that the forecast was the work of numbercrunchers. ”
Statistics for 500 The 2 substances R. A. Fisher combines in his famous “thought experiment” in Chapter One of The Design of Experiments (1935).
What are milk and tea? In “The Mathematics of a Lady Tasting Tea” Fisher describes a hypothetical lady who claims she can discriminate whether the milk was added to the tea or whether the tea was added to the milk. He designs an experiment & statistical analysis to test her claim.
Statistics for 600 The book this picture is from:
What is the Phantom Tollboth by Norton Juster Illustrations by Jules Feiffer? Milo said “I’ve never seen half a child before”. “It’s. 58” said the child. “It’s a bit more than a half. ” “What is the rest of your family like? ” asked Milo. “We’re just the average family, mother, father, and 2. 58 children. I’m the. 58”. … “Besides, each family has 1. 3 automobiles, and since I’m the only one who can drive three tenths of a car, I get to use it all the time”.
Statistics for 700 The book this is a quote from: “Grown-ups love figures. When you tell them you have made a new friend, they never ask you about essential matters. They never ask you, “What games does he love best? …Instead they demand, “How old is he? How much money does his father make? ” Only from these figures do they think they have learned anything about him. ”
What is “The Little Prince? ”
Statistics for 800 The book this is a quote from: “I found myself in a hole nine fathoms under the grass. …Looking down, I observed that I had on a pair of boots with exceptionally sturdy straps. Grasping them firmly, I pulled with all of my might. Soon I had hoist myself to the top and stepped out on terra firma without further ado. ”
What is the Singular Travels, Campaigns and Adventures of Baron Munchausen?
Statistics for 1000 It was said of him , “He is endowed with a phenomenal mathematical faculty. At the age of 21 he wrote a treatise upon the binomial theorem. He won a mathematical chair at one of our smaller universities. … But the man had hereditary tendencies of the most diabolical kind. ”
Who is Professor Moriarty? From : The Naval Treaty: in The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
“William Tucker’s article brought to mind an experiment by a scientist with dubious credentials and recorded by him in his journal as follows. Irving Lepselter, Letter-to-editor, NY Times, 11/16/1987
Day One – made loud noise behind frog. Frog jumped 15 feet. Day Two – immobilized one hind leg of frog; then made same loud noise as on day one. Frog jumped only 3 feet Day Three – immobilized both hind legs of frog, then made many loud noises, louder than days one and two. Frog did not jump at all
Conclusion - when both hind legs of a frog are immobilized, - it becomes deaf. ”
1. From what invention did Alfred Nobel make his money ? Dynamite 2. In what fields are Nobel Prizes awarded? Peace, Physics & Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Economics, Literature 3. Where are the prizes awarded? Stockholm, Sweden (except Peace – Oslo, Norway) 4. What extremely important field is missing? Mathematics & Statistics 5. What was Nobel’s marital status? He was single his entire life. Rumor has it that he became aware of his fiancée's infidelity with a mathematician.
Ode to a lack of Nobel-ity by Bill Dunham It is a fact that Nobel Prizes Come in many shapes and sizes. But one is missing from the list: The Nobel Math Prize does not exist. There is widely held suspicion Explaining this bizarre omission It says that jealousy is a the crux Of why we get no Nobel bucks. For Alfred Nobel became aware Of his fiancée’s prior love affair With a mathematician who held her tight And thought that she was DYNAMITE. Then Nobel, reacting as expected, Vowed, “Mathematicians shall be neglected!” “And if it’s Sweden they want to see, Let them take a tour and pay the fee. ” Now, Nobel’s behavior may be a disgrace, Yet wouldn’t the world be an even worse place Had this lover’s purported tryst Been, instead, with a. . . pacifist?
The absent-minded Statistics Professor: Thinks: A Says: B Writes: C Worst Part: Correct Answer D
Benjamin Disraeli Prime Minister of England There are LIES, DAMN LIES, & STATISTICS!
Will the panelists arm themselves with encyclopedias and fact books? “Not really. ” said Barber. “I probably will carry two or three record books. I would imagine, though , that my main contribution would be my memory of events and people. I think the dullest thing you can get into is statistics. From an article by Barry Cooper, Tallahassee Democrat, July 31, 1981. [Cooper quoted the legendary baseball announcer Red Barber about his role in an upcoming National Public Radio call -in show called, “ The Great Trivia Baseball Game. “The show was designed to relieve baseballstarved fans during the 1981 strike by major league baseball players. ]
Sir Josiah Stamp (1880 -1941) economist, statistician and banker. The Nightwatchman Thomas Rowlandson Stamp’s Law “The government is very keen on amassing statistics. They collect them, add them, raise them to the Nth power, take the cube root, and prepare wonderful diagrams. But you must never forget, that every one of these figure comes from the village watchman, who just puts down what he damn pleases. ”
Quotations by Hilaire Belloc British Writer & Poet (1870 – 1953) Statistics are the triumph of the quantitative method, and the quantitative method is the victory of sterility and death. Before the curse of statistics fell upon mankind we lived a happy, innocent life, full of merriment and go and informed by fairly good judgment. Before Statistics After Statistics
The Handbook of Hymen by O. Henry Sanderson Pratt and his partner, Idaho Green, were prospecting in the Bitter Root Mountains of Montana. A terrible snowstorm descends upon them. They gather all their possessions and a huge pile of firewood into an abandoned cabin on the top of a hill. After three weeks of being snowed in, they tire of each other’s companionship. They divide the cabin and their possessions, including food, in half and stop talking to each other. Idaho happens to find two books on the top of a very tall shelf. He decides it would only be fair if they played cards to determine who would get first choice of the books. He wins and as his book takes, “The Rubaiyat”. It is a book of Persian poems (A jug of wine, a loaf of bread, and thou) by Omar Khayyam.
By default, Pratt is left with, “Herkimer’s Handbook of Indispensable Information. ” A few days later, Sandy describes to Idaho what is contained in the book. “What you’ve got, says Idaho, “is statistics, the lowest grade of information that exists. They’ll poison your mind. ” … After the snow finally melts, the two men strike it rich. They cash in the gold and head to the small town of Rosa. They both decide to woo the most eligible woman in town, the widow Mrs. Sampson. They each decide to use the information from the book they have read and memorized to impress Mrs. Sampson is not impressed with the poetry that Idaho recites to her. However later in the story, ….
“Let us sit on this log at the roadside, ” says I, “and forget the inhumanity and ribaldry of the poets. It is in the glorious columns of ascertained facts and legalized measures that beauty is to be found. In this very log we sit upon, Mrs. Sampson, ” says I, “is statistics more wonderful than any poem. The rings show it was sixty years old. At the depth of two thousand feet it would become coal in three thousand years. The deepest coal mine in the world is at Killingworth, near Newcastle. A box four feet long, three feet wide and two feet eight inches deep will hold one ton of coal. If an artery is cut, compress it above the wound. A man’s leg contains thirty bones. The Tower of London was burned in 1841”*. “Go on, Mr. Pratt, ” says Mrs. Sampson. “Them ideas is so original and soothing. I think statistics are just as lovely as they can be. ” *Knowledge gained from: Herkimer’s Handbook of Indispensable Information
One liners I like to use in teaching: “Statistics are the food of love”, from Late Innings by Roger Angell.
A politician uses statistics like a drunk uses a lamppost. For support – not illumination.
Facts are stubborn but statistics are more pliable.
There are 2 kinds of statisticsthe kind you look up & the kind you make up.
Aaron Levenstein “Statistics are like a bikini. What they reveal is suggestive, But what they conceal is vital. ”
Statistics can be used to support just about anything. . .
including statisticians!!
Quotation by R. A. Fisher Statistician, geneticist, astronomer To call in the statistician after the experiment is done may be no more than asking him to perform a postmortem examination: he may be able to say what the experiment died of. Indian Statistical Congress (ca. 1938) Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890 -1962)
“Daniel’s a statistician. He sees numbers —fractions, equations, totals –and they spell out the odds for him. God knows he brilliant at it; he’s saved the lives of hundreds with those statistics. ” from the Parsifal Mosaic by Robert Ludlum.
The Professor of Statistics in the following story violated our Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice.
A student goes up to a Professor of Mathematics and says, “Professor, I have been doing a lot of thinking about life and truth recently. What’s 1+1? ” 1 + 1 = ? The Math Professor replies, “ Exactly 1 + Exactly 1 = Exactly 2
The student then goes up to a Professor of Computer Science and says, “Professor, I have been doing a lot of thinking about life and truth recently. What’s 1+1? ” The Computer Science Professor replies, “Approximately 1 + Approximately 1 = Approximately 2”
The student then goes up to his favorite teacher, a Professor of Statistics and says, “Professor, I have been doing a lot of thinking about life and truth recently. What’s 1+1? ” The Statistics Professor replies, “This is a deep and profound question. Please come into my office to discuss it. Then the Professor turns out the lights in the office and whispers into the student’s ear, “What do you want it to be? ”
A statistician had received numerous grants and published so many papers he was able to negotiate into his contract that the university would have to provide him with a chauffeured limousine whenever he traveled within 500 miles to give a lecture. On one of his return trips he asked the chauffeur how he thought his lecture had been received.
The chauffeur said , “Professor the lecture was well received as usual. However, I have heard the talk so many times that I could deliver the presentation and no one would know the difference. ”
They made a bet and on the way to the next lecture, when they got within 10 miles of the university, they swapped clothes. The chauffeur gave the lecture and all was going quite well until the end of the presentation when the chauffeur thought to himself, “What would the professor say at this point. ” Then he blurted out, without thinking of the ramifications, “Are there any questions? ” A hand went up in the audience, a graduate student stood up and said, “Professor, on slide #16 you have a +, but I think is should be a - , and therefore all the rest of your slides are incorrect. ”
The chauffeur was momentarily stunned, but being quick witted he said to the student, “ I have been asked many questions at the end of my presentations. But I must say that is the stupidest question anyone has ever asked me. In fact it is so stupid that… I am going to ask the chauffeur in the back row to answer it. ”
There once was a group of Biostatisticians and a group of Epidemiologists riding together on a to joint meetings. All the Epidemiologists had tickets, but the Biostatisticians only had one ticket between them. Inquisitive by nature, the Epidemiologists asked the Biostatisticians how they were going to get away with only one ticket. The Biostatisticians said, “Easy. We have methods for dealing with that. ” Later when the conductor came to punch tickets, all the Biostatisticians slipped quietly into the bathroom. When the conductor knocked on the door, the head Biostatistician slipped their one ticket under the door thoroughly fooling the layman conductor.
After the joint meetings were over, the Biostatisticians and the Epidemiologists again found themselves on the same train. Always quick to catch on, the Epidemiologists had purchased one ticket between them. The Biostatisticians (always on the cutting edge) had purchased NO tickets for the trip home. Confused, the Epidemiologists asked the Biostatisticians, “We understand how your methods worked when you had one ticket, but how can you possibly get away with no tickets? ” “Easy, ” replied the Biostatisticians smugly, “We have different methods for dealing with that situation. ”
Later, when the conductor was in the next car, all the Epidemiologists trotted off to the bathroom with their one ticket and all the Biostatisticians packed themselves into the other bathroom. Shortly, the head Biostatistician crept over to where the Epidemiologists were hiding and knocked authoritatively on the door. As they had been instructed, the Epidemiologists slipped their one ticket under the door. The head Biostatistician took the Epidemiologists’ one and only ticket and returned triumphantly to the Biostatistician group. Of course, the Epidemiologists were subsequently discovered and publicly humiliated. MORAL OF THE STORY. Do not use statistical methods unless you understand the principles behind them.
Acknowledgements Statisticians vs. Epidemiologists – my adaptation (Jim Norton) of Bob Kaufman who adapted it from a story passed by Kay Meyer from Katie Kerr
The Uckermark region of Germany is an hour north of Berlin. Its eastern border is the Oder River which divides Germany from Poland. According to Dr. Peter Plaufer, Department of Statistics, Technical University of Dortmund, it has an unjustified reputation of being very boring. A woman goes to the doctor. His prognosis: She has just a year to live. The woman asks, “Can I do anything about it? ” “Yes”, the doctor replies. “Marry a statistician and move with him to Uckermark. ” “Will I live longer? ” “No, but the remaining time will feel like eternity. ”
I believe the calculation of the Quantity of Probability might be improved to be very useful & pleasant Speculation and applied to a great many Events which are accidental, besides those of Games. Where a mathematical reasoning can be had, it’s a great folly to make use of any other, as to grope for a thing in the dark when you have a candle standing by you. John Arbuthnot (1667 -1735) from Bridge, Probability, & Information by Robert Mac. Kinnon
Nothing occurs at random. ( Leucippus, 5 th century BC) It is remarkable that a science which began with the consideration of games of chance should have become the most important object of human knowledge. The theory of probabilities is basically only common sense reduced to a calculation. It makes one estimate accurately what right-minded people feel by a sort of instinct, often without being able to give a reason for it. Pierre-Simon Marquis de Laplace (1749 -1827)
Whenever you can, count. Sir Francis Galton (1822 -1911)
“Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. ”
“Can you do Addition? ” the White Queen said. “What are one and one and one and one? ” “I don’t know” said Alice, “I lost count. ” She can’t do Addition”, The Red Queen interrupted. Alice “a-dressing the White Queen” Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll Art by John Tenniel (1865)
If Experimentation is the Queen of the Sciences, surely Statistical Methods must be regarded as the Guardian of the Royal Virtue. (from a letter to Science from Myron Tribus, (1921 - ) Director of Advanced Engineering Study at MIT)
From: Statistics Concepts and Controversies by David Moore
The Undoing of Lamia Gurdleneck by K. A. C. Manderville In The Advanced Theory of Statistics (Vol. 2) By Maurice G. Kendall & Alan Stuart “You haven’t told me yet, ” said Lady Nuttal, “what it is your fiancé does for a living. ” “He’s a statistician, ” replied Lamia, with an annoying sense of being on the defensive. Lady Nuttal was obviously taken aback. It had not occurred to her that statisticians entered into normal social relationships. The species, she would have surmised, was perpetuated in some collateral manner, like mules. “But Aunt Sara, it’s a very interesting profession, ” said Lamia warmly. “I don’t doubt it, ” said her aunt, who obviously doubted it very much. “To express anything important in mere figures is so plainly impossible that there must be endless scope for well-paid advice on how to do it. But don’t you think that life with a statistician would be rather, shall we say, humdrum? ’ Lamia was silent. She felt reluctant to discuss the surprising depth of emotional possibility which she had discovered below Edward’s numerical veneer. “It’s not the figures themselves, ” she said finally, “it’s what you do with them that matters. ”
“Daniel’s a statistician. He sees numbers —fractions, equations, totals –and they spell out the odds for him. God knows he brilliant at it; he’s saved the lives of hundreds with those statistics. ” from the Parsifal Mosaic by Robert Ludlum.
When the Lord created the world and people to live in it—an enterprise which, according to modern science, took a very long time—I could well imagine that He reasoned with Himself as follows: “If I make everything predictable, these human beings , whom I have endowed with pretty good brains, will undoubtedly learn to predict everything, and they will thereupon have no motive to do anything at all, because they will recognize that the future is totally determined and cannot be influenced by any human action. On the other hand, if I make everything unpredictable, they will gradually discover that there is no rational basis for any decision whatsoever and, as in the first case, they will thereupon have no motive to do anything at all. Neither scheme would make sense. I must therefore create a mixture of the two. Let some things be predictable and let others be unpredictable. They will then, amongst many other things, have the very important task of finding out which is which. ” E. F. Schumacher Small is Beautiful And who better to undertake this important task than statisticians.
Bennett’s Classification for Reading Medical Articles (JAMA 1992 267: 7 920) Medical student Intern Reads entire article but does not understand what any of it means. Uses journal as a pillow during nights on call. Resident Would like to read entire article but eats dinner instead. Chief resident Skips articles entirely and reads the classifieds. Junior attending Reads and analyzes entire article in order to pimp medical students. Reads abstracts and quotes the literature liberally. Senior attending Research attending Reads entire article, reanalyzes statistics, and looks up all references, usually in lieu of sex. Chief of service Reads references to see if he was cited anywhere. Private attending Doesn’t buy journals in the first place but keeps an eye open for medical articles that make it into Time or Newsweek. Emeritus attending Reads entire article but does not understand what any of it means.
From W. H. Auden Under Which Lyre: A Reactionary Tract for the Times (partial poem) WH Auden (1907 -1973) Thou shalt not do as the dean pleases, Thou shalt not write thy doctor's thesis On education. Thou shalt not worship projects nor Shalt thou or thine bow down before Administration. Thou shalt not answer questionnaires Or quizzes upon world affairs, Nor with compliance Take any test. Thou shalt not sit With statisticians nor commit A social science. Thou shalt not be on friendly terms With guys in advertising firms, Nor speak with such As read the Bible for prose, Nor, above all, make love to those Who wash too much. Thou shall not live within thy means Nor on plain water and raw greens. If thou must choose Between the chances, choose the odd; Read the New Yorker, trust in God, And take short views.
From: Statistics Concepts and Controversies by David Moore
A Test Prayer Now I lay me down to study I pray the Lord I won’t go nutty. If I fail to learn this junk I pray the Lord I will not flunk. But if I do, don’t pity me at all Just lay my bones down in study hall. Tell my teacher I did my best Then pile my books down upon my chest. Now I lay me down to rest And I pray I’ll pass tomorrow’s test. If I should die before I wake That’s one less test I’ll have to take.
The Professor’s Song Words by Tom Lehrer – Tune: “If You Give Me Your Attention’ From Princess Ida (Gilbert and Sullivan) If you give me your attention, I will tell you what I am. I’m a brilliant mathematician – also something of a ham. I have tried for numerous degrees, in fact, one of each: Of course that makes me eminently qualified to teach. I understand the subject matter thoroughly, it’s true, And I can’t see why it isn’t all as obvious to you. Each lecture is a masterpiece, meticulously planned, Yet everybody tells me that I’m hard to understand. And I can’t think why. My diagrams are models of true art, you must agree, And my handwriting is famous for its legibility Take a word like “ “ (to choose a random word*) For anyone to say he cannot read that, is absurd. The anecdotes I tell get more amusing every year, Thought frankly, what they go to prove is sometimes less than clear. And all my explanations are quite lucid, I am sure, Yet everybody tells me that my lectures are obscure, And I can’t think why. * minimum
Consider, for example, just the force of gravity: It’s inversely proportional to something – let me see – It’s r 3 – no, r 2 – no, it’s just r, I’ll bet— The sign in front is plus – or is it minus, I forget— Well, anyway, there is a force, of that there is not doubt All these formulas are trivial if you only think them out. Yet students tell me, “ I have memorized the whole year through Ev’rything you’ve told us, but the problem I can’t do. ” And I can’t think why.
From: Statistics Concepts and Controversies by David Moore
An obese statistician named Rouse To his physician would continually grouse “My head and feet are so little And I bulge in the middle. ” Said the doc, You’re quite normal, ” by Gauss. ”
“Normal” people have bumper stickers such as: SUPPORT CANCER RESEARCH SUPPORT OUR TROOPS SUPPORT THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HUSKIES! But overly “sensitive” statisticians have bumper stickers as seen on the next slide.
Use of ? to prevent death and major trauma related to … : Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Smith GC, Pell JP. BMJ: Volume 327: December 2003: 1459 -1460. Main outcome measure: Death or major trauma defined as ISS >15. Results: We were unable to identify any randomised controlled trials of ? intervention. Conclusions: As with many interventions intended to prevent ill health, the effectiveness of ? has not been subjected to rigorous evaluation by using randomised controlled trials. Advocates of evidence based medicine have criticized the adoption of interventions evaluated by using only observational data. We think that everyone might benefit if the most radical protagonists of evidence based medicine organized and participated in a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled , crossover trial of the ? .
Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma related to gravitational challenge: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Hypothesis Testing H 0: Lucy is not a liar H 1: Lucy is a liar What’s the p-value? http: //vignette 1. wikia. nocookie. net/peanuts/ images/a/ab/Pe 660925. jpg/revision/latest? c b=20131208184939
From end of course evaluations: “Who knew statistics could be fun? ” “Uses great examples, stories, and jokes” “His efforts to make the subject material fun and interesting is greatly appreciated”
However, not all agree: • “Attempts to make Stats an interesting subject. Gets an A for effort, but Stats suck” • “Boring” • “Irrelevant stories” • “Keep your day job”
Скачать презентацию H James Norton norton 100 bellsouth net Website www
eda493fd39450244523eeadff381f46e.ppt