H 388 Presentations 11 28 06 1 2 3 4

H 388 Presentations 11/28/06 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Catie Broussard Kris Van Voorhis Jessica Bruno Elizabeth Schlossberg Amanda Graham Melissa Teixeira Brian Kelly Yuehong Lei (no slides) 9. Michael Franklin 10. Manisha Thapa 11. Susan Krissel (absent with illness) 12. Ashlyn Murphy

REFUGEES Dependent, Un-Free, Homeless, Unequal Catie Broussard, 28 November 2006

What is a Refugee? • International Law and Normative Practice dictates that a refugee is a person who “owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside of the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that county. “ ( UN Conventoin, 1951) • By concentrating on the large refugee populations in Africa—those refugees that have being displaced within their home region and are hosted by a neighboring state—we can target the greatest unequal and dependent populations to determine how their living. • Policy Questions for Hosts and International Community: Integration vs. Segregation and Repatriation vs. Assimilation – Decisions based on the situations of Refugee creation – Host –or contracting – country’s government acceptance of the international treaties and norms vs. indigenous “acceptance” of new and inherently needy populations

Source : UN Statistics Report 2005: Global Refugee Trends

Refugee Status is by nature UNEQUAL to nationals of host countries. • Uprooted to another country • Persecuted • Homeless • Dependent on Host and International Community

Refugees in Africa Obtained from Relief. Web

DEPENDENCE OF REFUGEES

QUESTIONS GET COMPLICATED… Who is the “Refugee”? Do only the poor become refugees? How does the extreme poverty of refugee populations compare to the state of indigenous populations? How can we understand combat the problems of these dependent, homeless, unequal, “un-free” populations, that is only further complicated by the difficulty of obtaining statistics and measures of their plight?

Understanding The Affordable Housing Crisis Kris Van Voorhis History 388 Hunger, Poverty and Market Economy Professor Ludden November 28, 2006

The Problem • The American Planning Association has dubbed the affordable housing crisis as a “silent killer, ” likening it to high blood pressure – acute, growing, deadly, and yet largely unknown for most Americans • According to the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, more than 11 million households fall within HUD’s "worst-case" category, forced to pay more than one-half their incomes for housing, endure overcrowded conditions and/or live in structures with severe physical deficiencies. • More than 3. 5 million Americans are considered homeless, 1. 35 million of them being children

Homelessness is a Poverty Issue

The Homeless Population

Demographic Factors: Race

Demographic Factors: Geography

An Underlying Cause: The Lack of Affordable Housing

An Underlying Cause: The Lack of Government Spending

An Underlying Cause: The Lack of Public Awareness and Support

Assessment and Analysis of Nutritional Status in Bangladesh Jessica Bruno History 388 November 28 th, 2006

Findings • Comparisons of food intake vs. education level, location (urban/rural), gender, occupation, NGO (benefited/nonbenefited) • Improvements in intake with primary education completed, urban location, female gender, and cultivators

Example

The Double Burden of Malnutrition Exploring the link between obesity and poverty and why the correlation exists… Elizabeth Schlossberg

The Evidence • NHANES Survey 1971 -2004 revealed a 50% increased chance of becoming overweight in poor versus non poor families (Miech et al 2006) • “The prevalence of obesity is significantly higher in poor communities than in affluent communities” (Journal of Youth and Adolescence) – Variables include age and race

Why the Link? • Focus: Availability of healthy food • Healthcare • Adequate education about nutrition and a healthy lifestyle • A safe environment for physical activity

Case Study: Washington DC Focus on the Availability of Fresh Food “Residents in Wards 7 & 8 where poverty is high and grocery stores are scarce are more likely to suffer from diet-related diseases than residents of the District’s other wards (Hunger Solutions). Obesity prevalence in Wards 7 & 8 is about four times higher than in Wards 2 and 3, which have the most grocery stores and many of the highest community food security rankings in the District. ” (Hunger Solutions)

Grocery Stores and Poverty The darker colors represent higher rates of poverty The dots represent grocery stores that sell fresh food

Availability and Race • Ratio of grocery stores to residents revealed a ratio of 1: 3, 816 in chiefly white neighborhoods as opposed to 1: 23, 582 in chiefly African American neighborhoods (Journal for Preventative Medicine 2002)

Why? • Similar problems occur in Philadelphia, Chicago and New York, but why? • The RISK is greater than the REWARD – Cost is too great to maintain security and to train reliable employees in lower income areas – Smaller profit margin due to sales of cheaper goods

First Obesity, Then Diabetes The Upper East Side vs. East Harlem • Upper East Side grocery stores were three times as likely to stock diet soda, low-fat or fat-free milk, high fiber bread, fresh fruit and fresh vegetables • “Those living in East Harlem die of diabetes at twice the rate of people in the city as a whole” (New York Times 2006) • Sub par health care available in East Harlem leaves residents unable to afford medication for diabetes

No Such Thing as an Easy Solution • While the availability of fresh, healthy food in lower income areas is one contributing factor to the problem, other factors include education, healthcare and a safe environment. Until all of these factors, along with government support come together, the problem can not be fixed.

Dynamics of Poverty Among the Indigenous Population of Bolivia Amanda Graham November 28, 2006

Introduction • 72% of population below poverty line • Same proportion of those people are indigenous • 60% of population indigenous • Social ladder “whitens in accordance with class privilege” • Why? Social Exclusion-denied access to resources

What defines indigenous? • 36 Indian tribes recognized by government • 2 Main Groups – Aymara (20 -25%) – Quechua (35 -40%)

Historical Factors • Spanish Conquistadors – Exploitation and Slavery • Liberalism (19 th Century) – Biological Category of Slaves – Poverty dates from here – Serfdom until 1950 s • Can’t escape – Continue to live in rural highlands

Geo-Economic Factors • Rural/Western Provinces – Home to Indigenous population • Eastern Provinces – Local white/foreign business control – Control of natural gas resources/GDP

Mobility Factors • Geographic landscape creates obstacles for adequate construction • Lack of adequate roads that link Eastern and Western provinces

Discrimination Factors • White Persona v. Indigenous Persona • Deprivation of basic human rights by Government • Low Paying Jobs

Educational Factors • Low investment in education • Indians don’t realize situation • Dropout rate • Attendance disparity between rich and poor

Educational Factors (Cont. ) • School attendance’s relationship with child labor

Health Factors • Vulnerable to communicable diseases like cholera and tuberculosis • Diseases preventable by vaccines lower in rural population • Risks to women during child birth

Improvements • • Increase in education Political activism New government leadership Government recognition of demands of indigenous population • Improvement slow-needs continued activism

I n e q u a l i t y in B r a z i l Melissa Teixeira National Statistics: • Population: 188, 078, 227 • Infant Mortality: 28. 6 deaths/1000 live births • Life expectancy at birth: 71. 97 years • Literacy rate: 86. 4% • GDP per capita (PPP): $8, 300 North 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Roraim a Amapá Amazo nas Pará Tocanti ns Acre Rondô nia Northeast 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Maranhão Piauí Ceará Rio Grande do Norte Paraíba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe 21. Bahia • Percentage below the Poverty Line: 22% Centre-West 17. 18. 19. 20. • Gini Index: 0. 59 Mato Grosso Goiás Distrito Federal (Brasília) Mato Grosso do Sul Southeast South 22. 23. 24. 27. Minas Gerais Espírito Santo Rio de Janeiro São Paulo 25. 26. Paraná Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul

I n e q u a l i t y “Inequalities in power and wealth translate into unequal opportunities, leading to wasted productive potential and to an inefficient allocation of resources” [World Bank 2006] The top ten percent of the Brazilian population control fifty percent of salaried income and the bottom fifty percent account for a mere twelve percent of income.

E d u c a t i o n Level of Education for Students of Five Years or Older, by Region in 2005 Level (and type) of Education (%) Region Brazil Northeastern Region Southeastern Region Average Years 6. 6 5. 3 7. 3 Pre School 9. 42 10. 19 9. 98 Private School 24. 29 25. 49 23. 80 Public School 75. 68 74. 51 76. 15 61. 63 66. 04 57. 40 Private School 11. 02 10. 27 13. 30 Public School 88. 98 89. 73 86. 67 17. 75 15. 32 19. 88 Private School 15. 00 13. 55 16. 83 Public School 84. 98 86. 45 83. 12 Higher Education 8. 86 5. 14 10. 90 Private School 73. 92 58. 49 81. 40 Public School 26. 08 41. 51 18. 60 Primary Education Secondary Education

E d u c a t i o n

M i g r a t i o n

Social Mobility

1 Poverty, Inequality, and Nigeria’s Oil Economy Questions: 1) Is oil wealth distributed unevenly in Nigeria? 2) What agricultural, environmental, economic, and social effects has oil extraction had on the local communities of the Niger Delta? Brian Kelly

Brian Kelly – Nigeria and Oil, 2 Contribution of Agriculture and Oil to Nigeria’s GDP Source: Onyige, P. U. Energy and Social Development in Nigeria

Brian Kelly – Nigeria and Oil, 3 Nigeria’s Principal Agricultural Export Commodities Source: Onyige, P. U. Energy and Social Development in Nigeria

Brian Kelly – Nigeria and Oil, 4 Oil Revenue Distribution 1963 Distribution of Mining Rents and Royalties, 1963 Distributable Pools Account Regional Allocations, 1963 Source: Khan, Sarah Ahmad. Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil

Brian Kelly – Nigeria and Oil, 5 Oil Revenue Distribution 1979 Distribution of Mining Rents and Royalties, 1979 Breakdown of Allocation to State Governments, 1979 Source: Khan, Sarah Ahmad. Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil

Brian Kelly – Nigeria and Oil, 6 Poverty in Nigerian GNP per Capita has steadily fallen since 1980. The percentage of Nigeria’s rural population living below the poverty line has risen since 1980. Source: Khan, Sarah Ahmad. Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil Source: Anyanwu, John C. Rural Poverty in Nigeria: Profile, Determinants and Exit Paths

Yuehong Lei AIDS and TB in South Africa No slides

Maternal Education and the Relationship to Children’s Health Michael Franklin HIST 388

Topic • Establishing a link between a mother’s education and the health of her children – Difficult, many variables deal with children’s health • Community and maternal endowments – Has research “overstated” the benefits of improved maternal education?

Personal Findings • Data comes from the UN Stats website (http: //hdl. library. upenn. edu/1017/7058) • Took 42 countries and compared: – GDP per capita in current US$ (1981 -2000) – Children under 5 mortality rate per 1, 000 live births (1980 -2000) – Literacy rates in women 15 -24 (1981 -2004)

Outline • Examined data in three ways: – Countries where GDP per capita declined • Does a fall in GDP lead to deteriorating conditions and a rise in child mortality? – Correlation • GDP per capita vs. Mortality Rates • Female literacy vs. Mortality Rates – Countries with similar GDP per capita • How do female literacy and child mortality rates compare?

Decline in GDP Per Capita • 17 countries experienced a fall in their GDP per capita – Decrease in GDP per capita indicates living standards did not improve, and potentially worsened • Despite drop in GDP per capita, child mortality rates decreased everywhere, except Zimbabwe (increased) and Liberia (did not change) • Literacy rates among women improved in each country

GDP Per Capita and Female Literacy • GDP per capita vs. Mortality rates – R² = 0. 3822 • Female literacy v. Mortality rates – R² = 0. 749 • Stronger association between female literacy and child mortality than GDP per capita

GDP Per Capita Country GDP Female Lit (%) Child Mortality Cameroon 1, 011 (5) 57. 4 (4) 173 (4) Nigeria 1, 167 (4) 45. 3 (5) 216 (5) Ecuador 1, 207 (3) 93. 7 (2) 57 (2) Costa Rica 1, 381 (2) 96. 7 (1) 26 (1) Turkey 1, 487 (1) 79. 8 (3) 133 (3)

GDP Per Capita Country GDP Female Lit (%) Child Mortality Pakistan 443 21. 5 153 Yemen 444 11. 0 205 • Vietnam has the lowest GDP per capita in 1980 yet one of the lowest rates of child mortality and highest of female literacy

Conclusion • Education = Good • Importance of maternal education – Present inequality between men and women – Improving a mother’s level education has been found to yield greater results than improving her husband’s level of education

Manisha Thapa Female Education and Child Health in Nepal

Variables in Women’s education versus Child health relationship • Urban-Rural differences - access to health facilities -access to clean drinking water -transportation

Variables in Women’s education versus Child health relationship • Wealth as a variable -similar relation with child health as mother’s education -stronger relation than rural-urban

Case for Nepal WHO data for 2001 • Under-5 mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) - rural to urban ratio) - 1. 7 • Under-5 mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) - lowest to highest wealth quintile ratio)- 1. 9 • Under-5 mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) - mother with no to higher education ratio -2. 4 Why does the relationship between women’s education and child health still hold for Nepal? • Gradual Urbanization • Increased per capita GDP undermined by inflation • Government spending in education relatively higher than in health sector

Programs to improve maternal and child nutritional status Susan Krissel (absent due to illness)

Examples of Interventions • UNICEF – Fortification of food (ex. Iodization of salt) – Supplemental micronutrient formula with RDIs for pregnant/lactating women – Education for the empowerment of women – Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative – International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes

• Earthwatch – Educate women about nutrition and hygiene as related to disease prevention – Involve and train community members/leaders – Make community self-sufficient • Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program – – – – Supplementation Community gardens Gift certificates to buy healthy food Cooking demonstrations and shopping tours Nutrition and Health Awareness Education Budgeting workshops Breastfeeding incentives

Conclusions • Various types of organizations are taking action to improve maternal/child nutrition • These organizations are mainly focused on improving malnutrition through nutrients, rather than targeting its causes

Poverty & Female Mental Health Ashlyn Murphy Final Project Hist 388

Issue of Causation • Is there a causal relationship between poverty and mental illness? • Which came first: the poverty or the mental illness?

Selection Hypothesis • Emotional problems that are preexisting predispose a woman to poverty. • Mental illness/emotional problems precede poverty.

Social Causation Hypothesis • Stresses of poverty and the environment of poverty lead to mental illnesses. • Poverty precedes mental illness.

Previous Findings & Links • 1. 2. 3. 4. The following circumstances have been pre-established as common among clinically depressed women: Recent entry in welfare program. Dependent upon welfare. “Inadequately” employed: marked by unfavorable hours and/or wages. Nonunion employment position.

5. 6. 7. 8. Residing in low-income neighborhoods. Residing in neighborhoods marked by drug trade. Having no health benefits. Spending large amount of income on child care.