Guide to Operating Systems th Edition 5 Chapter

Guide to Operating Systems, th Edition 5 Chapter 6 Configuring Input and Output Devices

Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Understand how OSs interface with input and output devices • Explain the need for device drivers and install devices and drivers • Describe popular input device technologies • Discuss the types of printers and install printers • Explain display adapter technologies • Install circuit boards for new devices Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 2

OSs and Devices: An Overview • A primary function of any OS is to provide basic I/O support for application software – To translate requests from software into commands that the hardware can understand carry out • Two ways an OS does this: – Through software (device drivers) – Through hardware controlled by the OS • Device drivers perform the communication between the physical device and OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 3

OSs and Devices: An Overview • Configuration of device drivers and adapters varies from OS to OS, but they function the same in each OS • Setting up or installing I/O devices involves three general steps: – Install the device drivers that are required – Connect the input, output, or storage device – Turn on the device and follow any configuration instructions Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 4

Using Device Drivers • The OS provides basic I/O support for devices but it doesn’t support specific features of each device – For specific features to be supported and work properly, a device driver for the device is needed • Advantages of using device drivers: – Only essential code is necessary to build into the OS kernel for maximum performance – Use of specific devices does not have to be linked to a single OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 5

Using Device Drivers • Advantages of using device drivers (cont’d): – The number of I/O devices can expand to offer the computer user a broad range of device selections and features – New devices can come on the market without requiring extensive updates to OSs • You should use the manufacturer’s driver instead of the one supplied with your OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 6

Using Device Drivers • The procedure to install drivers varies – If you download a new driver from a manufacturer’s Web site, you may have to uncompress it – Microsoft includes built-in zip support – Some files may be supplied in self-extraction format (executable file that usually uses an. exe file extension) – If the file includes a. zip extension, you can open it directly within the OS or use a stand-alone program – Mac OS X since version 10. 3 Tiger has built-in zip support – UNIX/Linux users may retrieve drivers in a tar format Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 7

Using Device Drivers • Once the driver is located, you generally have 3 options for install: – Use your OS’s install utility – Plug and Play (Pn. P) feature – The install utility provided by the hardware manufacturer • Procedures differ among different OSs and with different equipment – General process is very similar Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 8

Manufacturer Driver Installation • When you use a hardware manufacturer’s installation utility – The process is usually fully automated – Each manufacturer has a different procedure • Generally, the procedure is to double-click an installation program or insert a DVD/CD-ROM into a drive – Wait for a program to start automatically or run a setup or install utility Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 9

Windows Driver Installation • Easiest way to install a driver is to use the Pn. P capability to automatically detect new hardware • Also can use the Add a device wizard in Windows • A final way is to use Device Manager – To install a new driver, update an existing one, or roll back a driver to a previous version Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 10

Windows Driver Installation • Using Pn. P to Install a Device and Driver – – Install any software drivers that are required Connect the printer to the computer Plug the printer into a power outlet and turn it on Follow any configuration instructions • Windows may try to find the built-in driver for the device on the Windows distribution disk or DVD/CD -ROM • You can insert the manufacturer’s DVD/CD-ROM into the appropriate drive when the OS asks for it Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 11

Windows Driver Installation • Using a Windows Wizard to Install a Device/Driver – Use the Add a device Wizard if: • Windows doesn’t recognize newly installed hardware • Want to conduct an installation manually – In Windows 7 and later versions, open Control Panel and click Add a device under the Hardware and Sound category Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 12

Windows Driver Installation • Using Device Manager to Install or Update a Driver – Also use Device Manager to: • Determine the location of device driver files • Check to make sure a device is working properly • Determine if there is a resource conflict for a device – A conflict could occur more than once device is assigned the same IRQ or I/O address • Interrupt request (IRQ) line – channel within the computer that is used for communications with the CPU • I/O address range – memory reserved for use by a particular device Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 13

Windows Driver Installation Figure 6 -1 Device manager in Windows 10 Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 14

Windows Driver Installation Figure 6 -3 Viewing the resources used by a device Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 15

Windows Driver Installation Figure 6 -4 Updating or rolling back a driver Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 16

Windows Driver Installation • When a new I/O device is installed under Windows, you have the option to make sure the driver has been verified by Microsoft • When it has been verified a unique digital signature is incorporated into that driver (a process called driver signing) – In Windows 10, unsigned drivers are not permitted • Using driver signing helps to ensure that the driver works properly with the device and in conjunction with other devices Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 17

UNIX/Linux Driver Installation • Concept of drivers is a little different in UNIX/Linux • The central portion of the OS, the kernel, is where most of the device drivers are loaded • Drivers are either in the form of: – Kernel modules – pieces of code that must be linked into the kernel – Loadable modules – pieces of code that are not linked into the kernel, but are loaded when the OS is started • Device support in most UNIX/Linux versions is limited compared to other OSs Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 18

UNIX/Linux Driver Installation • UNIX/Linux devices are managed through the use of device special files (contain information about I/O devices) • Three types of device special files: – Block special files – used to manage random access devices that involve handling blocks of data (hard drives, DVD/CD-ROM drives) – Character special files – handle byte-by-byte streams of data (USB connections such as mice, keyboards, printers, etc…) – Named pipes – handling internal communications, such as redirecting file output to a monitor Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 19

UNIX/Linux Driver Installation • Device special files are usually stored in the /dev directory • If you need to create a device file for a new device, use the mknod command • To view the I/O device special files on your system, use the ls command to see all of the files in the /dev folder Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 20

UNIX/Linux Driver Installation Table 6 -1 UNIX/Linux device special files Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 21

Mac OS X Driver Installation • Mac OS X systems come with device drivers for most hardware • When you obtain new hardware, follow these general steps: – – – Shut down the OS and turn off the computer Attach the new hardware Restart the computer and OS Insert the DVD/CD-ROM for the hardware Run the installer program on the DVD/CD-ROM for that hardware Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 22

Standard Input Devices • Keyboard is the most important input device • Other important devices include: – Mouse and touch pad – Mouse alternatives, such as trackball, stylus, and pointing stick – Touch input has become popular due to i. Pads, smartphones, book readers, and tablet touch screens Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 23

Mouse and Keyboard Drivers • Mouse and keyboard drivers are highly standardized across OSs – It is unlikely you will need to setup these devices • Wireless mice and keyboards require batteries to operate, along with a USB receiver (usually shared by both mouse and keyboard) – May come with drivers and additional software on DVD/CD-ROM • Some OSs include keyboard and mouse configuration utilities Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 24

Mouse and Keyboard Drivers Figure 6 -5 Keyboard settings in Windows 10 Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 25

Mouse and Keyboard Drivers Figure 6 -6 Mac OS X mouse settings Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 26

Touch Input Devices • Touch Input Drivers –drivers are included in the OS or preloaded by the computer manufacturer – Touch Screen controlled by using your fingers – Multi-touch technology allows you to use multiple fingers • Windows 7 (and newer) and Linux/Fedora support multi-touch capabilities – Apple has incorporated the touch technology used in the i. Pad and i. Phone into Mac OS X • Touch pad is an example of touch input – Usually found below the keyboard on laptops Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 27

Other Input Devices • Digital Pads – different kind of mouse – Used to draw pictures, sign you name, color a detailed graphic image (tasks that require a high degree of manual dexterity) – Uses a USB port and requires special drivers/installation – Can range from standard to specialty devices that include LCD panels that mirror your computer’s video display Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 28

Other Input Devices • Scanners – scans text and images to be manipulated by software – May also be used with optical character recognition (OCR) software – Installation (in Windows) is usually automatic through Pn. P – To get the best performance, install drivers that shipped with scanner instead of the driver in Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 29

Other Input Devices Figure 6 -7 Windows Fax and Scan window Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 30

Other Input Devices • Joysticks, Game Pads, and Other Controllers – Joystick is more like a mouse instead of a digital pad • Offers more control than a mouse when it comes to detailed movements of graphical screen objects • Specialized joysticks: flight yoke systems, 3 D joysticks, attack joysticks – Game Pads – designed for interaction with games and include multiple buttons, wheels or balls • Some are wireless and programmable • Sends standard signals to the USB port where the OS takes data and passes it off to an application program or customer driver for interpretation Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 31

Other Input Devices • Digital Sound Input – today’s computer is supplied with some kind of digital sound card – May be built into the motherboard or a separate card – Can connect a microphone to a USB port and record voice – Can download custom sounds or music from Internet sites for use with software applications – There are multiple audio I/O standards, but most devices come with a USB port Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 32

Other Input Devices • Digital Picture and Video Input/Output – Works similarly to digital audio I/O – Need a digital I/O interface and drivers to allow your OS to use the USB device – In some cases, use a utility supplied by the manufacturer to import digital images – Some manufacturers include the ability to link their hardware drivers directly into editing software • You can import and export digital files and edit them from the same application Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 33

Other Input Devices • 1394 Technology – IEEE 1394 is the original specification for a high-speed digital interface that supports data rates at 100, 200, or 400 Mbps – The newer 1394 b standard supports 800 Mbps, 1. 6 and 3. 2 Gbps • Enables data transfer over twisted-pair and fiber-optic cable – Currently targeted at multimedia peripherals • Fire. Wire – an IEEE 1394 implementation for bus communications, is used by Apple Computer and Texas Instruments Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 34

Printers • Printer is an important part of nearly every computer installation • This section outlines popular types of printers and printer connections – Also covers how to install printers Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 35

Printer Types • Ink-jet printers – create characters by squirting tiny drops of ink directly onto the page • Laser printers – use an imaging technology similar to copiers to produce computer output – Typical laser printer contains its own CPU and memory • Multifunction printers – combine ink-jet or laser printing, scanning, copying, and faxing into one physical device Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 36

Printer Types • Plotter – used in engineering, architecture, and other fields where hard copy output won’t fit on standard paper sizes • Other types available: 3 D printers, label printers, dot-matrix, line printers, thermal-wax transfer printers, and dye sublimation • High-speed copiers, printers, and other printing devices found in a printing shop can now be connected to a network – Allows device to receive materials electronically Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 37

Printer Connections • Most new printers come standard with a USB port – Many printers support wireless printing • Many printers have a direct network connection option that lets you place the printer on a LAN – If a printer does not include this, you can purchase a network printerface from a third party • More efficient to use a direct network-attached printer rather than a printer attached to a computer and configured for sharing on a network – Network interface is always on, making the printer always available to network users Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 38

Installing Printers • Installing Windows Printers – usually installed by connecting the printer to the computer and letting Pn. P initiate the installation – Can also connect the printer and use Add a device wizard – Best approach is to insert the DVD/CD-ROM that came with the printer and follow the instructions – If you need to perform a manual installation or to initiate automatic detection and setup, use the Add a Printer option through Control Panel Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 39

Installing Printers • Installing UNIX/Linux Printers – When a print job is sent from an application, a print spooler accepts the job and stores it in a print queue until it can be sent to a printer – The most common Linux printing system is the Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) – Most CUPS configuration files are in /etc/cups – The CUPS daemon will usually detect directly connected printers and install it automatically – For network printers, you can edit the printers. conf file directly or run the Printers tool in Fedora Linux Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 40

Installing Printers Figure 6 -9 Adding a printer in Linux Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 41

Installing Printers • Installing Mac OS X Printers – Most printer drivers are already installed when you install the OS – If not, use the DVD/CD-ROM that came with printer – To set up a printer, use the Printers & Scanners utility in System Preferences – You can configure the following types of printers: • Default • IP (a network-attached printer that uses Internet Printing Protocol) • Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 42

Installing Printers Figure 6 -10 Adding a printer in Mac OS X Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 43

Display Adapters • Display adapters today have reached a common ground across OSs and hardware platforms • The PCIe bus enables high-performance graphics capabilities – And is the current standard for most types of add-on cards Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 44

Basic Display Adapter Technology • The display adapter is part of a standard computer package – Basic display consists of a number of pixels (small dot of light) both horizontally and vertically • Bit density – how many pixels can be shown in an inch of the display – Referred to as pixels per inch (ppi) • Major considerations in choosing an adapter are: – Resolution capabilities, amount of memory included onboard the adapter, type of video processor, cost Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 45

Basic Display Adapter Technology • Digital Visual Interface (DVI) – developed as a very high visual quality standard for flat panel LCD and digital projectors • High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) – a way to connect digital audio/video devices in televisions and computers • Display-Port – digital interface standard that is projected to replace DVI and HDMI Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 46

Installing Display Adapters • Reasons to upgrade display hardware – Changes in technology, software, or take advantage of multiple monitors • Today, most adapters plug into the PCIe slot on the motherboard • Installed in two phases: – Hardware – Software • Installing a display adapter is similar to installing circuit boards (discussed later in this chapter) Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 47

Sound Cards • Today, most computers include high-end audio support – Sound cards come preinstalled and the OS includes support for sound input and output • Two types of sound devices : – Integrated with the motherboard (onboard) – Bus cards (installed in a bus slot) • Onboard sound hardware may be harder to update or change Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 48

Other Output Devices • Digital video – let you capture and output digital video to a camera or DVR • Multiport sound cards – permit a computer to serve as a fully digital, multichannel recorder for sound studio applications • Most specialty output devices have some software required to make everything work properly Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 49

Installing Circuit Boards • Biggest enemy to circuit boards is static electricity • To avoid damage during installation: – Leave the card inside its protective cover until you are ready to install it – Disconnect all power to the computer – Prepare the computer by removing the case and any slot covers – Touch a grounded part of the computer – Insert the card into the slot and press it firmly into place Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 50

Summary • An OS handles input and output device communications through device drivers (software) and hardware • Device drivers are often provided with an OS, but the most up-to-date device drivers come directly form each device manufacturer • Manufacturer device and device driver installations typically are performed from a manufacturer’s DVD/CD-ROM – Current drivers can also be downloaded from the manufacturer’s Web site Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 51

Summary • Installing devices and drivers in Windows can be done using Pn. P, the Add a device wizard, Control Panel options, and Device Manager • UNIX/Linux systems use device special files for managing input and output devices • For Mac OS X devices, most drivers come with the OS or can be installed from the DVD/CD-ROM that came with the device Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 52

Summary • Common input devices include a mouse, keyboard, touch input, digital pad, scanner, joystick, game pad, digital sound devices, digital picture devices, and devices that use 1394 technology • Most OSs include tools for installing printers, such as Add Printer Wizard in Windows, printtool in Fedora Linux, and the Printer Setup Utility in Mac OS X • Besides printers, other examples of common output devices include display adapters and sound cards Guide to Operating Systems, 5 th Edition © Cengage Learning 2017 53