GUEMIDE'S PRESENTATION Mr. BOUTKHIL GUEMIDE Bechar, Algeria titanicmaze@hotmail. fr
Contents • • Algeria's location Algeria's history Bechar's location Bechar's history Characteristics of Bechar Brief bio of Mr. GUEMIDE Academic achievments of Mr. GUEMIDE
Algeria's location • • • Located in North Africa; A member of the AUO; A member in UNO; A member in different political, economic, social, and sports organizations; A part of the Arab Maghreb Union; Borders: Tunisia, Middeterean Sea, Kingdom of Morocco, Muritania, WSDR, Mali, The Niger, and Libya; Populatin: 40 millions (2014); 70% of the population: the young Religion: Islam 48 districts. Economy : based on Gas and oil primarily.
• Ethnic groups : many. (Arabs, Amazighes, Chawiya, Touareg, etc. ) • Culture : diversity. • Music : diverse. • Tourism : rich in many tourist locations and sites, but they are intact and unexploited.
Algeria's history & politics • Berber ancestors: the Berbers (indigenous people of North Africa) are believed to have descended from these early communities; • 100 BC: The Romans had set up around 500 colonies across North Africa. • To the east, the local Berber populations fell into the Roman region of 'Numidia', to the west into 'Mauritania'. • AD 429, The Vandals had arrived from over the water in Spain. Their stay was relatively brief. The Byzantine emperor Justinian took back coastal territories into the eastern Roman empire. • Islam arrives: Byzantine control ended when the Arabs arrived to North Africa from AD 647. • Christian Berbers were converted in large numbers to Islam; • Despite accepting the new religion, many tribes wanted to retain their own customs. So, a history of conflict between Berber cultures and ruling Arab dynasties began.
• The Pirate Barbarossa: • 1515: The pirate Barbarossa and his brother seized Algiers, which they offered to the Ottoman Turks. In return, he was appointed governor and later admiral of their fleet; • 1492: The Spanish set up strongholds in cities such as Oran, Tlemcen and Algiers. However, their influence was soon contested by the Ottoman Turks, who took control over much of North Africa in the 16 th century. • Algiers became the centre of Ottoman power, though inland Berber tribes such as the Kabylie enjoyed considerable freedom; • French colonisation: • The French army, landing in June 1830, easily overpowers the forces of the Dey. But this success brings France only a small region round Algiers, for the dey himself has long lost control of his subordinates in the provinces.
• 1830 - 1903: Many rebellions took place in different regions Algeria rejecting the French rule (Ahmed Bey in Constantine, Lala Fatima Nsoumer in the Kabylie, Emir Abd Al Kader in Mascara in the West of Algeria). • With Algeria now under a reasonable degree of control, the French government sets in place the process of colonization. • European settlement is actively encouraged. By the 1880 s the European population of Algeria is more than 350, 000. Half a century later this figure has doubled. • In the same period, from 1830 to the mid-20 th century, the Muslim population also increases greatly, from 3 million to about 9 million. • As in any such situation, the settlers ensure that economic and political power is exclusively theirs. And as elsewhere, the underprivileged majority begins to make itself heard during the 20 th century.
• Nationalism and reaction in Algeria: 1945 -1958: • The demands of Algerian nationalism become unmistakable immediately after the end of the war in Europe. • In May 1945 demonstrators carrying Algerian Nationalist flags appear at victory celebrations in the town of Sétif. • Subsequent French reprisals result in at least 1500 Muslim deaths, though other estimates place the death toll as high as 10, 000. • Several years later the delegates have delivered little in the way of effective legislation, when Algerian life is suddenly transformed by a wholly unexpected uprising. • During the night of 31 October 1954 several coordinated terrorist attacks are carried out on French police and military establishments. • A manifesto issued on November 1 declares them to be the work of the recently formed FLN (Front de Libération Nationale), stating also that the political aim of the FLN is a fully independent Algeria. • Every resident in the country is promised citizenship of the proposed new republic, with full rights, if willing to adopt Algerian nationality.
• Rebellion and French reprisals now become an established pattern in Algeria. • There is a vast build up of French troops, and the army forcibly resettles some two million villagers to try and deprive the FLN of rural support. • Diplomatic representation is maintained at the UN and in friendly capitals around the world. • From September 1958 this body is known as the GPRA (Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne), with the veteran nationalist Ferhat Abbas serving as prime minister. • With FLN rebellion activity continuing in Algeria, the only practical solution is discreetly acknowledged when the French government, in the autumn of 1961, begins secret negotiations with the provisional Algerian government in Tunis (the GPRA). • In March 1962 a cease-fire is agreed at Évian-les-Bains, to be followed by a referendum on Algerian independence.
• During the summer of 1962 about three quarters of the French colonists flee from Algeria to France, leaving only some 250, 000; • The departure of the predominantly right-wing element among the settler population is reflected in the referendum held in Algeria on 1 July 1962; • Nearly six million votes are cast in favour of independence, less than 17, 000 against. Two days later de Gaulle formally recognizes Algeria as an independent nation. In October the new state becomes a member of the United Nations; • With victory achieved, a power struggle ensues within the FLN. The resulting triumvirate, in the autumn of 1962, consists of Ahmed ben Bella as premier, Houari Boumedienne as minister of defence and Muhammad Khidr as head of the party. • Two years later, in 1965, Boumedienne and the army remove ben Bella from power in a bloodless coup, placing him under house arrest - where he remains for the next thirteen years. • Boumedienne and the army now establish a military one-party regime. • The official state policy is socialist. • President Boumedienne dies in 1978 and the FLN nominate in his place an army colonel, Chadli Bendjedid. • During the 1980 s he takes steps to lighten the heavy hand of state monopoly. • But Bendjedid and the party are taken by surprise by sudden widespread rioting in 1988
• • • In response Bendjedid introduces, in 1989, a new constitution in which no mention is made of socialism. More important, political parties other than the FLN are now to be allowed to function. The next elections for the national assembly are due in December 1991. They bring, for the FLN, a very unpleasant shock. In response Bendjedid introduces, in 1989, a new constitution in which no mention is made of socialism. More important, political parties other than the FLN are now to be allowed to function. The next elections for the national assembly are due in December 1991. In local elections in 1990 the FIS wins more seats than the FLN. Three days before the polling booths are due to reopen, the army intervenes to cancel the election. It is an action which plunges Algeria into years of civil war. The FIS, denied a legitimate role in the nation's affairs, spawns a military wing - the AIS (Islamic Salvation Army). Among rapidly escalating violence an even more extreme guerrilla group emerges in the Muslim cause, the GIA (Armed Islamic Group). Meanwhile, on the government side, power now rests entirely with a group of generals known collectively as Le Pouvoir (The Power).
n The election of Liamine Zeroual as president in 1995 is seen as offering a glimmer of hope, but little has been achieved to end the bloodshed when he is persuaded to step down prematurely in 1998. n In April 1999, the only competitor left in the race is Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a civilian who has the backing of both the FLN and the generals of Le Pouvoir. n He therefore astonishes everyone by his evident independence and his capacity for reconciliation. n In June 1999 Bouteflika receives an assurance from the leader of the FIS that its guerrilla wing, the AIS, is calling off its violent campaign against the government - and is urging other terrorist groups to do the same.
Bechar's location • Béchar is one of the oldest cities of Algeria. It is located in a strategic area of southwestern Algeria. • The city is located 950 km southwest of the capital Algiers, an area of over 5000 km ² with more than 2000 hectares of farmland. • It is bordered by Naama in the North, El Bayadh in the East, Adradr and Tindouf in the South, and Kingdom of Morocco in the West. • It is surrounded by a mountain range of: Djebel Antar; 1953 m, Jebel Grouz; 1835 m, and Djebel Bechar; 1206 m.
• • • Bechar's history Historically, the name of the city “Béchar” means “hope” or “good news” when looking for water. It was subjected under the French colonization in 1903, and was formerly named after a French General, in the army, Colomb- Béchar. The city was once the site of a French Foreign Legion post. Before coal was found here in 1907, Bechar was a small populated town. It thrived on the activity of the coal mines until petroleum production seized the market. The city is noted for its leatherwork and jewellery, dates, vegetables, figs, cereals, and almonds are produced near Béchar. The climate is hot and dry in summer and very cold in winter, rainfall not exceeding 100 m per year. The population is estimated at more than 291, 657 inhabitants in 2012. Apart from the weather and the phenomenon of distance, the town of Béchar does not differ from one city in the north; it has a domestic airport, a university, a bus station and railway station, a sports stadium, a cultural center, swimming pool, and several hotels and youth hostels of high quality. The power plant (commonly known by the people CENTRA) located midway between Béchar and Béchar Djedid, originates from the location of the coal power plant that produces electricity (110 V) to Béchar, Béchar Djedid and Kenadsa. It is through her that the population has seen the light for the first time.
Characteristics of Bechar • • • • As result of migration, tribes started to settle in the sub- saharian region in Algeria. Those people decided to stay in the South of Algeria because of some strategic reasons: to look for security for themselves and their properties. People belonging to the same family used to live in what are known today in “Ksours”. They used to live on, primarily, agriculture, sheep rising, and some handcrafts. The architecture of “Ksours” in Béchar looked different from kings’ palaces; it reflected the peoples’ conception and means used in building ksours. The term “Ksar” means an inhabited place of the high plateaus on the surface of the earth; it consists of a group of standard houses having the same shape and color, surrounded by a great and high wall, and round bruges above the doors on both sides of the entrance of the “ksar”. The primary conditions in building “ksours” were: Strategic location that ensures security, Abundance of water for life continuity and better exploitation in agriculture. For the aforementioned reasons, some “ksours” were built on highlands; such as “Lahmar” and “Igli”, and others were built the river sides; such as “Béchar”, “Kenadza”, and “Kerzaz”. “Ksours” in Béchar were made of adobe, a thick fabric of red soil and water, so that it could make them live in harmony with weather. i. e. It has been proven that those fabrics could make the “Ksours” heat in time of winter and cool in time of summer. Each “Ksar” consisted of the basement and the first floor. What made the “ksar” specific at that era is that a room with a hole was used as “W. C. ” for specific technique. After a period of four of five years, people used to put smoke on the matters for: Burning the waste matters, and Using them afterwards as a fertilizer in agriculture,
• South Oran and Figuig Berber is a Zenati Berber dialect group spoken in a number of oases of southwestern Algeria, as well as nearby ones in Morocco. • These include most of the ksour between Mecheria and Béni Abbès: Tiout, Ain Sfisifa, Boussemghoun, Moghrar, Chellala, Asla, Fendi, Mougheul, Lahmar, Boukais, Sfissifa, Ouakda, Barrbi near Taghit, Igli, and Mazzer in Algeria, and Figuig, Iche and Ain Chair in Morocco. • The table below shows approximately the number of people speaking “shelha” in the region of Béchar.
Local area N° of shelha speaking Distance from Béchar city Principal activity Type Moughal 2000 50 km agriculture Palm trees Lahmar 2500 35 km agriculture Palm trees Boukais 2000 60 km agriculture Palm trees Ouakda 1500 05 km agriculture Palm trees Taghit 6000 90 km agriculture Palm trees Igli 4000 160 km agriculture Palm trees Beni Ounif 6000 110 km agriculture Palm trees
GUEMIDE: Brief Bio • Born on Nov. 28, 1977 in Béchar. • Grew up in Béchar. • Brought up in a family with 9 members (parents and 4 brother and two sisters). • Education: • Missoum Ramadhan Primary School • Tahri Cherif Middle School • Abi Al Hassan Al Achaari Secondary School • University of Es-snia in Oran.
Academic Achievements • Working as an English supply teacher. • Working as a permanent teacher. • Developping a real competence in English teaching. • Publishing two books and many academic articles. • Participating in many national and international conferences. • I intend to open Master's degree and doctoral studies in Studies on US Foreign Policy in Algeria.
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