Grid Computing from a solid past to a

Grid Computing from a solid past to a bright future? David Groep NIKHEF 2002 -08 -28

The Grid: a vision? Imagine that you could plug your computer into the wall and have direct access to huge computing resources immediately, just as you plug in a lamp to get instant light. … Far from being science-fiction, this is the idea the XXXXXX project is about to make into reality. … from a project brochure in 2001

The Need for Grids: LHC Physics @ CERN • LHC particle accellerator • operational in 2007 • 5 -10 Petabyte per year • 150 countries • > 10000 Users • lifetime ~ 20 years 40 M leve l 1 (40 TB/ - spe sec) 75 K cial ha Hz ( leve 75 G rdware 5 KH l 2 - em B/sec) z (5 G bedde leve l 3 - B/sec) d PC 10 (100 0 Hz s M B/se data c) reco offli ne a rding & naly sis http: //www. cern. ch/ Hz

CPU & Data Requirements 5, 000 Estimated CPU Capacity at CERN Estimated CPU capacity required at CERN 4, 500 4, 000 K SI 95 3, 500 3, 000 2, 500 2, 000 1, 500 1, 000 Other experiments LHC experiments 500 0 Moore’s 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 year Jan 2000: 3. 5 K SI 95 http: //www. cern. ch/ law – some measure of the capacity technology advances provide for a constant number of processors or investment < 50% of the main analysis capacity will be at CERN

More Reasons Why ENVISAT • 3500 MEuro programme cost • 10 instruments on board • 200 Mbps data rate to ground • 400 Tbytes data archived/year • ~100 `standard’ products • 10+ dedicated facilities in Europe • ~700 approved science user projects http: //www. esa. int/

And More … Bio-informatics • For access to data –Large network bandwidth to access computing centers –Support of Data banks replicas (easier and faster mirroring) –Distributed data banks • For interpretation of data –GRID enabled algorithms BLAST on distributed data banks, distributed data mining

And even more … • financial services, life sciences, strategy evaluation, … • instant immersive teleconferencing • remote experimentation • pre-surgical planning and simulation

Why is the Grid successful? • Applications need large amounts of data or computation • Ever larger, distributed user community • Network grows faster than compute power/storage

Inter-domain communication • The Internet community spawned 3360 RFCs (as of August 2 nd, 2002) • Myriad of different protocols and APIs • Be strict in what you send be liberal in what you accept • Inter-domain by nature • Increasing focus on security

Intra-domain tools • RPC proved hugely successful within domains – YP – Network File System – Typical client-server stuff… • CORBA – Extension of RPC to OO design model – Diversification • Latest trend: web services

The beginnings of the Grid • Grown out of distributed computing • Gigabit network test beds & meta-computing • Supercomputer sharing (I-WAY) • Condor ‘flocking’ GUSTO meta-computing test bed in 1999 • Focus shifts to inter-domain operations

The Grid Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman, editors, “The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, ” Morgan Kaufmann, 1999

The One-Liner • Resource sharing and coordinated problem solving in dynamic multi-institutional virtual organisations

Standards Requirements • Standards are key to inter-domain operations • GGF established in 2001 • Approx. 40 working & research groups http: //www. gridforum. org/

Protocol Layers & Bodies Application Standard bodies: GGF W 3 C Application Resource Session Transport Collective Standard body: IETF Connectivity Internet Fabric Network Data Link Physical Standard body: IEEE Transport Link Internet Protocol Architecture Presentation Application

Grid Architecture (v 1) “Coordinating multiple resources”: ubiquitous infrastructure services, appspecific distributed services “Sharing single resources”: negotiating access, controlling use “Talking to things”: communication (Internet protocols) & security “Controlling things locally”: Access to, & control of, resources Collective Application Resource Connectivity Transport Internet Fabric Link Internet Protocol Architecture Application

What should the Grid provide? • Dependable, consistent and pervasive access • Interoperation among organisations • Challenges: – Complete transparency for the user – Uniform access methods for computing, data and information – Secure, trustworthy environment for providers – Accounting (and billing) – Management-free ‘Virtual Organizations’

Grid Middleware • Globus Project started 1997 • Current de-facto standard • Reference implementation of Global Grid Forum standards • Toolkit `bag-of-services' approach http: //www. globus. org/ • Several middleware projects: – EU Data. Grid – Cross. Grid, Data. TAG, PPDG, Gri. Phy. N – In NL: ICES/KIS Virtual Lab, VL-E

Condor • Scavenging cycles off idle work stations • Leading themes: – Make a job feel `at home’ – Don’t ever bother the resource owner! • Bypass redirect data to process • Class. Ads matchmaking concept • DAGman dependent jobs • Kangaroo file staging & hopping • Ne. ST allocated `storage lots’ • PFS Pluggable File System • Condor-G reliable job control for the Grid http: //www. cs. wisc. edu/condor/

Application Toolkits Collect and abstract services in an order fashion • Cactus: plug-n-play numeric simulations • Numeric propulsion system simulation NPSS • Commodity Grid Toolkits (Co. Gs): JAVA, CORBA, … • NIMROD-G: parameter sweeping simulations • Condor: high-throughput computing • GENIUS, VLAM-G, … (web) portals to the Grid

Grids Today

Grid Protocols Today • Based on the popular protocols on the ’Net • Use common Grid Security Infrastructure: – Extensions to TLS for delegation (single sign-on) – Uses GSS-API standard where possible • GRAM (resource allocation): attrib/value pairs over HTTP • Grid. FTP (bulk file transfer): FTP with GSI and high-throughput extras (striping) • MDS (monitoring and discovery service): LDAP + schemas • ……

Getting People Together Virtual Organisations • The user community `out there’ is huge & highly dynamic • Applying at each individual resource does not scale • Users get together to form Virtual Organisations: – Temporary alliance of stakeholders (users and/or resources) – Various groups and roles – Managed out-of-band by (legal) contracts • Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (AAA)

Grid Security Infrastructure • Requirements: – Strong authentication and accountability – Trace-ability – “Secure”! – Single sign-on – Dynamic VOs: “proxying”, “delegation” – Work everywhere (“easy. Everything”, airport kiosk, handheld) – Multiple roles for each user – Easy!

Authentication & PKI Alice (e, n) Certificate Request Common. Name=‘Alice’ Organization=‘KNMI’ Alice generates a key pair and send the public key to CA Private Key(d, n) Alice… CA ships the new certificate to Alice CA operator signs the request with the CA key The CA will check identifier in the request against the identity of the requestor CA private key CA self-signed certificate • EU Data. Grid PKI: 1 PMA, 13 Certification Authorities • Automatic policy evaluation tools • Largest Grid-PKI in the world (and growing )

GSI in Action “Create Processes at A and B that Communicate & Access Files at C” User Single sign-on via “grid-id” & generation of proxy cred. User Proxy credential Or: retrieval of proxy cred. from online repository Remote process creation requests* GSI-enabled Authorize Site A GRAM server Map to local id (Kerberos) Create process Generate credentials Computer Process id Local Kerberos ticket Restricted proxy Ditto Communication* Remote file access request* * With mutual authentication Site C (Kerberos) Storage system GSI-enabled GRAM server Site B (Unix) Computer Process Local id Restricted proxy GSI-enabled FTP server Authorize Map to local id Access file

Authorization • Authorization poses main scaling problem • Conflict between accountability and ease-of-use / ease-of-management • By getting rid of “local user” concept ease support for large, dynamic VOs: – Temporary account leasing: pool accounts à la DHCP – Grid ID-based file operations: slashgrid – Sandbox-ing applications Direction of EU Data. Grid and PPDG

Locating a Replica • Grid Data Mirror Package • Moves data across sites • Replicates both files and individual objects • Catalogue used by Broker • Replica Location Service (giggle) • Read-only copies “owner” by the Replica Manager. http: //cmsdoc. cern. ch/cms/grid

Mass Data Transport • Need for efficient, high-speed protocol: Grid. FTP • All storage elements share common interface disk caches, tape robots, … • Also supports GSI & single sign-on • Optimize for high-speed networks (>1 Gbit/s) • Data source striping through parallel streams • Ongoing work on “better TCP”

Grid Data Bases ? ! • Database Access and Integration (DAI)-WG – OGSA-DAI integration project – Data Virtualisation Services – Standard Data Source Services Early Emerging Standards: – Grid Data Service specification (GDS) – Grid Data Service Factory (GDSF) Largely spin-off from the UK e-Science effort & Data. Grid

Grid Access to Databases • Spit. Fire (standard data source services) uniform access to persistent storage on the Grid • • Multiple roles support Compatible with GSI (single sign-on) though Co. G Uses standard stuff: JDBC, SOAP, XML Supports various back-end data bases http: //hep-proj-spitfire. web. cern. ch/hep-proj-spitfire/

Spitfire security model Standard access to DBs • GSI SOAP protocol • Strong authentication • Supports single-signon • Local role repository • Connection pool to • Multiple backend DBs Version 1. 0 out, Web. Services version in alpha

A Bright Future?

OGSA: new directions Open Grid Services Architecture … … cleaning up the protocol mess • Concept from the `web services’ world • Based on common standards: – SOAP, WSDL, UDDI – Running over “upgraded” Grid Security Infra (GSI) • Adds Transient Services: – State of distributed activities – Workflow, multi-media, distributed data analysis

OGSA Roadmap • Introduced at GGF 4 (Toronto, March 2002) • New services already web-services based (Spitfire 2, etc. ) • Alpha-version of Globus Toolkit v 3: expected December 2002. • Huge industrial commitment

EU Data. Grid • Middleware research project (2001 -2003) • Driving applications: • HE Physics • Earth Observation • Biomedicine • Operational testbed • 21 sites • 6 VOs • ~ 200 users, growing with ~100/month! http: //www. eu-datagrid. org/

EU Data. Grid Test Bed 1 • Data. Grid TB 1: – – 14 countries 21 major sites Cross. Grid: 40 more sites Growing rapidly… • Submitting Jobs: – Login only once, run everywhere – Cross administrative boundaries in a secure and trusted way – Mutual authorization http: //marianne. in 2 p 3. fr/

Dutch. Grid Platform www. dutchgrid. nl • Dutch. Grid: ASTRON – Test bed coordination – PKI security – Support • Participation by Leiden Delft Amsterdam Enschede KNMI Utrecht Nijmegen NIKHEF, KNMI, SARA DAS-2 (ASCI): TUDelft, Leiden, VU, Uv. A, Utrecht Telematics Institute FOM, NWO/NCF Min. EZ, ICES/KIS IBM, KPN, …

A Bright Future! You could plug your computer into the wall and have direct access to huge computing resources almost immediately (with a little help from toolkits and portals) … It may still be science – although not fiction – but we are about to make this into reality!