great biologists Charles robert Darwin 12 February

great biologists: ~ Charles robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) Performed: Nechaeva Zhanna 38 Bi. B 136(2)

childhood and adolescence Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, on 12 February 1809 at his family home, The Mount. From September 1818 he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder. The seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816.

university • Darwin went to Edinburgh University in October 1825 to study medicine, accompanied by Eras doing his external hospital study. • In Darwin's second year he joined the Plinian Society, a student natural history group whose debates strayed into radical materialism. • Soon, seeing his son indifference to medical sciences , father encouraged him to choose the profession of a priest , and in 1828, Darwin began to study theology at Cambridge. • Here he met with a great expert in the field of natural sciences Henslow and geology expert from Wales A. Sedgwick. Communication with them, excursions and field work led Charles to abandon a career clergyman. • On the recommendation of Henslow, he participated as a naturalist in the circumnavigation on board the "Beagle". While still a young man, Charles Darwin joined the scientific elite.

voyage of the beagle • The Beagle sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, and then carried out detailed hydrographic surveys around the coasts of the southern part of South America, returning via Tahiti and Australia after having circumnavigated the Earth. While the expedition was originally planned to last two years, it lasted almost five. • Darwin had a special position as guest and social equal of the captain, so junior officers called him " sir" until the captain dubbed Darwin Philos for "ship's philosopher", and this became his suitably respectful nickname The voyage of the Beagle, 1831– 1836 The Beagle

observations • He ably collected and made detailed observations of plants and animals, with results that shook his belief that species were fixed and provided the basis for ideas which came to him when back in England, and led to his theory of evolution by natural selection. The shells in this drawer were collected by Charles Darwin Fringillidae Galapagos tortoises Megatherium

Dusicyon australis Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Pterocnemia pennata Darwinilus sedarisi

scientific work • Darwin was a prolific writer. The results he presented in the writings of «The Journal of a Naturalist» (1839), «Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle» (1840), «The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs» (1842), and others.

on the origin of species • Darwin's book «On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life» introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. • Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830 s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. • On the Origin of Species proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1, 250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. On page 36 wrote "I think" above his first evolutionary tree.

summary of darwin's theory Darwin's theory of evolution is based on key facts and the inferences drawn from them, which biologist Ernst Mayr summarised as follows: • Every species is fertile enough that if all offspring survived to reproduce the population would grow (fact). • Despite periodic fluctuations, populations remain roughly the same size (fact). • Resources such as food are limited and are relatively stable over time (fact). • A struggle for survival ensues (inference). • Individuals in a population vary significantly from one another (fact). • Much of this variation is inheritable (fact). • Individuals less suited to the environment are less likely to survive and less likely to reproduce; individuals more suited to the environment are more likely to survive and more likely to reproduce and leave their inheritable traits to future generations, which produces the process of natural selection (inference). • This slowly effected process results in populations changing to adapt to their environments, and ultimately, these variations accumulate over time to form new species (inference).

family • On 29 January 1839 Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London. • The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children. • In 1851 Darwin was devastated when his daughter Annie died. By then his faith in Christianity had dwindled, and he had stopped going to church. Annie Emma Wedgwood Darwin in 1842 with his eldest son, William Erasmus Darwin

interesting facts • In 2009 he released a biopic about Charles Darwin's "The Origin" by British director John Emiel. • According to a survey conducted in 2002 by the broadcaster BBC Darwin took fourth place in the list of one hundred greatest Britons in history. • Charles Darwin scored 4, 000 votes in the election to Congress in November 2012 in the state of Georgia. • Portrait of Darwin is located on the English bill £ 10 release in 2000. • Today, there an estimated 100 living descendants of Darwin, aged 45 in 1854

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