GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY VERBALS (неличные формы глагола)
VERBALS (неличные формы глагола) The Infinitive The Gerund The Participle
VERBALS (неличные формы глагола) The Infinitive The Gerund “To be or notto be , “The best part of living that is the is loving& giving ” question”. (W. Shakespeare) The Participle 1. “Lose an hour in the morning, and you will spend all day lookingfor it” 2. “Lost time is never found again”
VERBALS (неличные формы глагола) The Infinitive e. g. Alison likes to read. The Gerund e. g. Alison likes reading. The Participle e. g. The girl readinga book is Alison. The book read by Alison is very interesting. Having readthe book, Alison went for a walk.
Герундий The Gerund Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, имеющая грамматические особенности как глагола, так и существительного и всегда выражающая действие как ПРОЦЕСС. e. g. I enjoy reading.
The Gerund is used: As a noun e. g. Swimming keeps you fit.
The Gerund is used: After: love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate, prefer to express general preference. e. g. She likesgoingfor long walks.
The Gerund is used: After go for activities : e. g. They often go climbing the at weekends. o
The Gerund is used: After prepositions: e. g. He left withoutsayinggoodbye. o
The Gerund is used: After certain verbs: admit, avoid, consider, deny, fancy, imagine, involve, look forward to, mind, mention, regret, risk, spend, suggest, etc. e. g. Jessica spent all day shopping.
The Gerund is used: After: be busy, it’s no use/good, it’s (not) worth, what’s the use of…? , can’t help, there’s no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, have a hard/difficult time, be/get used to, e. g. It’s no usewaitingfor the bus. It won’t come.
The Gerund is used: After the verbs: see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, noticeto describe anincomplete actionthat is , to say that smb. saw, heard, etc. only a part of the action. e. g. I heard. Jacktalking the phone. on (= I heard Jack while he was talking on the phone. I heard part of the action in progress. I didn’t listen to the whole conversation. ) Compare: e. g. I heard. Jack talkon the phone. (= I heard the whole conversation from beginning to end).
The Infinitive the to infinitive e. g. I hope to see you soon. the bare infinitive e. g. He can’thelp you.
The to infinitive is used: Ø Ø To express purpose – e. g. She went to the bank getsome to money. After certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, afford, pretend, etc. ) – e. g. Headvised me to applyfor the job.
The to infinitive is used: after verbs such asknow, decide, ask, learn, want to know, remember, etc. when they arefollowed by question words (who, what, how, where, etc. ). ‘Why’ is followed bya subject + V not by , an infinitive. e. g. I can’t decidewhere to go. Iwant to know why you have leftthe room. Ø
The to infinitive is used: Ø After adjectives: nice, sorry, glad, happy, willing, afraid, ashamed, etc. e. g. He is glad be back. to Ø After too & enough e. g. She istoo shy to talkto the manager. We’ve gotenoughmoney to buy a new car.
The to infinitive is used: After: it + be + adjective (+of +noun/pronoun) e. g. It was nice of him to help. Ø After: would like/ would love/ would prefer (to express specific preference) e. g. I would like learna foreign language. to Ø After: only to express anunsatisfactory result e. g. He rushed to the back door to only discoverthat it was locked. Ø
Оборот Complex Object (сложное дополнение) e. g. I want to read this book. I want you to read this book. noun/pronoun + infinitive Complex Object is used after: want, would like, expect want Parents would like expect children them to become generous
The bare infinitive is used: After modal verbs (may, should, can, must, etc. ) e. g. You must study hard. Ø After the verbs let, make, see, hear & feel (см. Complex Object # ) BUT! be made/be heard/be seen + to-infinitive (passive) e. g. He was made to pay for the damage. Ø
The bare infinitive is used: Ø After had better, would rather e. g. Youhad better sign the contract. Youwould rather home now. go
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The Gerund.ppt