GRAMMAR REVISION By Nguyen T Bich Ngoc Foreign

GRAMMAR REVISION By: Nguyen T Bich Ngoc Foreign Languages Faculty Thainguyen University Mar - 2009 Vu Thi Thanh Hue 1

Language Focus 1. Tenses 2. Voices: Active, Passive 3. Models: Can, may, must, have to, should, will, would 4. Verb patters 5. Conditionals 6. Key structure (especially for rewriting and translation) - So/such…. that - Too + adj / not +adj + enough - Used to; Be/get used to - Present perfect (This is the first time…; Have never before; this is the most…. ever - Comparison - Although/ despite/ In spite of - -Purpose (so that; so as; in order to) - Direct – Indirect speech - Inversion - It’s (high) time… Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 2

English Verbs * Normal verbs to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc. Examples: I eat dinner every day. I am eating dinner now. * Non-Continuous Verbs Abstract Verbs to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist. . . Possession Verbs to possess, to own, to belong. . . Emotion Verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind. . . Examples: He is needing help now. Not Correct He needs help now. Correct He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct He wants a drink now. Correct Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 3

Regular vs irregular verbs Regular: cook – cooked, watch – watched Irregular: Infinitive Buy Come Drink Give Eat Nov - 2010 Past bought came drank gave ate Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc Past Participle bought come drunk given eaten 4

VERB TENSES Future tenses Past tenses Present tenses -Simple - Continuous - Perfect Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 5

VERB TENSES Present simple I work at the university He often buys her flowers The sun sets in the West. - Permanent situations - Repeated actions/ habit - Facts Nov - 2010 Present continuous We are learning English Laura is sitting under the sunshade He’s always telling lies -Temporary situations - Action happening at/around the time of speaking - Annoyance - Fixed arrangement Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc Present perfect She has lived in this house for 2 years He has sold his car. He has just painted the room -Action started in the past continue up to present -Actions finished recently - Actions happened at an indefinite time in the past 6

PRESENT TENSES Present simple I work at the university He often buys her flowers The sun sets in the West. V (s/es) Usually, always, never, often, sometimes, everyday/week/month/ year Nov - 2010 Present continuous We are learning English Laura is sitting under the sunshade He’s always telling lies Is/am/are + Ving Now, at the moment, at present, always, tonight Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc Present perfect She has lived in this house for 2 years He has sold his car. He has just painted the room Have/has + past participle Just, ever, never, already, yet, for, since, so far, recently, several times 7

PAST TENSES Past simple He sold his car 2 weeks ago When she was young, she lived in a small flat. She put on her coat, took the bag and left the house Actions happened at a stated time in the past A past state or habit Actions happened one after the other. Nov - 2010 Past continuous Past perfect At 8 o’clock last night, she was watching TV. They were dancing while he was playing the guitar He was painting the bedroom when suddenly felt off the ladder. She had already left when I got home. He had arrived by 8 o’clock Actions in the middle of happening at a stated time in the past. Two or more actions happening at the same time in the past. Actions happened before another action/stated time in the past. Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 8

PAST TENSES Past simple He sold his car 2 weeks ago When she was young, she lived in a small flat. She put on her coat, took the bag and left the house V + ed V irregular Past continuous At 8 o’clock last night, she was watching TV. They were dancing while he was playing the guitar He was painting the bedroom when suddenly felt off the ladder. Past perfect She had already left when I got home. He had arrived by 8 o’clock had + past participle was/were + Ving Yesterday, last week/month/year /Monday, ago, how long ago, then, in 1980 Nov - 2010 At 12 last night, while, when Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc Already…before, by+(time) 9

FUTURE TENSES Simple future I will send you the information when I get it. I will call you when I arrive. The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. Voluntary actions Promise Prediction Nov - 2010 Future continuous This time next week we will be having a party Actions that will be happening at a particular time or over a particular time in the future. Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc Future perfect By next November, I will have received my promotion. I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework Actions that will occur before another action in the future. 10

FUTURE TENSES Simple future I will send you the information when I get it. I will call you when I arrive. The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. Will + Verb Nov - 2010 Future continuous This time next week we will be having a party Will – be + V-ing Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc Future perfect By next November, I will have received my promotion. I will have finished all my homework by 10 o’clock Will – have + Past participle 11

Tips to remember Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 12

Voices: Active, passive Changing from Active into Passive Object (active) = Subject (passive) Be + participle Picasso painted that picture Subject Verb Object Verb (active) = be + participle Subject (active) = Object (passive) introduced by “by” That picture was painted by Picasso Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 13

Voices: Active, passive Active voice Passive voice Present simple S – do/does S - is/am/are - done Past simple S – did S – was/were - done Present perfect S – has/have – done S- has/have – been done Future simple S – will – do S – will – be done Past perfect S – had done S – had – been done Present cont. S – is/am/are – doing S – is/am/are/ - being - done Past cont. S – was/were – doing S – was/were – being done Infinitive to do to be done Models S- may/might/must – do S – may/might/must – be done Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 14

Voices: Active, passive Active voice Passive voice Present simple He delivers the letters The letters are delivered. Past simple He delivered the letters The letters were delivered. Present perfect He has delivered the letters The letters have been delivered Future simple He will deliver the letters The letters will be delivered Past perfect He had delivered the letters The letters had been delivered Present cont. He is delivering the letter The letters are being delivered Past cont. He was delivering the letters The letters were being delivered Infinitive He has to deliver the letters The letters have to be delivered Models He may deliver the letters The letters may be delivered He must deliver the letters The letters must be delivered Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 15

Voices: Active, passive Use: Example -Jane was shot (we don’t know who shot her) - This church was built in 1815 (unimportant agent) - He has been arrested (obviously by the police) - 30 people were killed in the earthquake (the action is more important than the agent) Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 16

modals The model verbs are: can, could, must, need, will, would, shall, should, may, might, etc Example Can she play tennis? No, she can’t play tennis but she can play golf Models + infinitive (without “to”) Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 17

Functions of modal verbs We express ability with: Can ( ability in the present or future) Can you swim? No, I can’t. I can run fast though. Could / was able to (ability in the past) She could / was able to dance for hours when she was young He was able to win the race Couldn’t / wasn’t able to I couldn’t / wasn’t able to find my keys. He couldn’t / wasn’t able to ski when he was young Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 18

Functions of modal verbs We express possibility / probability with: May ( perhaps, very possible) He may be back before noon Might (perhaps, very possible) There might be some cheese in the fridge Could (possible) He could still be at home Must (it’s almost certain, I think) They look alike. They must be twins Can’t (it does not seem possible; I don’t think) You have been sleeping all day. You can’t be tired. Can he be? (Is it possible? ) Can he still be at work? We express permission with: Can (informal) Could ( more polite) May (formal) Might (more formal) Nov - 2010 Can I borrow your pen? Could I borrow your car? May I use your phone? Might I see your driving license? Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 19

Functions of modal verbs Giving / refusing permission can( informal, giving permission) may( formal, giving permission) Mustn’t (refusing permission) Can’t (refusing permission) You can have one more if you want You may stay a little longer You mustn’t park here You can’t enter this room. We make requests, offers or suggestions with: Can (request) Could (polite request/suggestion) Would you like (polite offer) Shall I/we (suggestion/offer) Will (offer/request) Nov - 2010 Can you help me tidy the room? Could I have a little more cake please? Would you like some more lemonade? Shall I post this letter for you? (offer) Shall we buy him a present? I’ll make you some coffee if you want. Will you do me a favour? Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 20

Functions of modal verbs We express advice with Should / ought to You should walk more (general advice; I advise you) Had better You’d better see your dentist (advice for specific situation; it is a good idea) We obligation/necessity with: Must (strong obligation or personal feelings of necessity) We must follow the school rules. (obligation; I’m obliged to) I must see a doctor soon. (I decide if it is necessary) Have to (external necessity) I have to do my homework everyday (others decide it is necessary) I’ve got to (informal; it’s necessary) I’ve got to leave early today. Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 21

Functions of modal verbs We express absence of necessity or prohibition with Mustn’t (prohibition) You mustn’t park here. (it’s forbidden) Can’t (prohibition) You can’t enter the club without a card. (you are not allowed) Needn’t ( it is not necessary) You needn’t take an umbrella. It is not raining Don’t need/have to (it is not necessary in the present/future) You don’t need/have to do it now. You can do it later (it is not necessary) Didn’t need/have to (it was not necessary in the past) He didn’t need/ have to go to work yesterday because it was Sunday. (it is not necessary) Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 22

conditionals Type 1: real present If clause If + Present S Unless (= If not) Main clause (result) Real or very probable situation in the present or future Future Imperative Can/may/must + bare infinitive Present Simple If he comes late, we’ll miss the bus If you can’t afford it, don’t buy it. Or If you see her can you give her a message? If water gets very cold, it turns into rice Nov - 2010 Use Unless you can afford it, don’t buy it Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 23

conditionals Type 2: unreal present If clause If + Past S. Unless (= If not) Main clause (result) Would/could/might + bare infinitive Use improbable situation in the present or future; also used to give advice If I were you, I would see a doctor If I had money, I could buy a new car. Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 24

conditionals Type 3: unreal past If clause If + Past Perfect. Unless (= If not) Main clause (result) Would/could/might + have + participle Use improbable situation in the past; also used to express regrets or criticism If you hadn’t been rude, he wouldn’t have fired you Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 25

Các dạng so sánh của tính từ và phó từ 1. So sánh bằng Cấu trúc sử dụng là as. . as S + V + as + adj/ adv + as + noun/ pronoun He is not as tall as his father. 2. So sánh hơn kém - Tính từ và phó từ ngắn (đọc lên chỉ có một vần). Tính từ và phó từ dài (2 vần trở lên). _ Tính từ và phó từ ngắn + er. - Tính từ tận cùng là y, dù có 2 vần vẫn bị coi là tính từ ngắn và phải đổi thành Y-IER (happy→happier; dry→drier; pretty→prettier). Trường hợp đặc biệt: strong→stronger; friendly→friendlier than/ more friendly than. Đối với tính từ và phó từ dài phải dùng more/less. S+V+ short adjective_er + THAN + noun/ pronoun short adverb_er more + long adj/adv less + long adj/adv Để nhấn mạnh so sánh, có thể thêm much/far trước so sánh, công thức: S + V + far/much + Adj/Adv_er + than + noun/pronoun S + V + far/much + more + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun Ex: Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mine Ex: He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish. Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 26

Các dạng so sánh của tính từ và phó từ So sánh bậc nhất - Dùng khi so sánh 3 người hoặc 3 vật trở lên: - Tính từ và phó từ ngắn +est. - Đối với tính từ và phó từ dài dùng most hoặc least. - Đằng trước so sánh phải có the. - Dùng giới từ in với danh từ số ít. John is the tallest boy in the family - Dùng giới từ of với danh từ số nhiều Deana is the shortest of the three sisters - Sau thành ngữ One of the + so sánh bậc nhất + noun phải đảm bảo chắc chắn rằng noun phải là số nhiều, và động từ phải chia ở số ít. One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson. Nov - 2010 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc 27

ALTHOUGH / DESPITE / INSPITE OF 1. Despite/Inspite of = bất chấp - Đằng sau hai thành ngữ này phải dùng một ngữ danh từ, không được dùng một câu hoàn chỉnh. Ex: Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades. 2. Although/Even though/Though = Mặc dầu - Đằng sau 3 thành ngữ này phải dùng một câu hoàn chỉnh, không được dùng một ngữ danh từ. Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

V-ing or To Infinitive Động từ nguyên thể là tân ngữ agree desire hope plan tend attempt expect intend prepare want claim fail learn pretend wish decide forget need refuse demand hesitate offer seem Verb -ing dùng làm tân ngữ admit delay miss risk appreciate deny postpone suggest avoid can't help enjoy finish practice quit mind repeat Ex: John admitted stealing the jewels. Lưu ý rằng trong bảng này có mẫu động từ can't help doing/ but do smt: không thể đừng được phải làm gì Ex: With such good oranges, we can't help buying (but buy) two kilos at a time.

USED TO; BE/ GET USED TO 1. USED TO + infinitive: sự việc đã từng diễn ra trong quá khứ một cách thường xuyên nhưng bây giờ không còn nữa. 2. (be) USED TO + V. ing: quen với một việc gì 3. (get) USED TO + V. ing: làm quen với một việc gì. Ví dụ: He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesn’t) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now he’s used to it.

SO/ SUCH THAT Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record. Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary. She is so beautiful that anyone sees her once will never forget her. The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him. It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down

TOO+ADJ / NOT+ADJ+ENOUGH Mary is too tired to walk. John is too busy to go to the party. She is old enough to do what she wants Those apples aren’t ripe enough to eat He is tall enough to play volley ball He is tall. He can play volleyball

INVERSION 1. Only When + S V, Vaux + S V : Chỉ khi làm gì I didn't know she had been well-known until her friends told me. => Only when her friends told me did I know she had been wellknown 2. Seldom/Hardly/Scarcely/Barely + Vaux + S V : hiếm khi mà She seldom misses a lecture => Seldom does she miss a lecture 3. No sooner had + S done - than S did : Vừa mới. . . thì đã. . . Nosooner had we come home than it rained 4. Only by Doing + Vaux + S V : Chỉ bằng cách làm gì We must take a taxi or will be late => Only by taking a taxi will we get there on time