Good Afternoon Get out your composition book

Warm- Up The Camp David accords negotiated during President Jimmy Carter’s administration were an attempt to a. decrease United States control of the Panama Canal b. encourage the use of solar and other nonpolluting energy sources c. end inflationary oil prices d. establish peace in the Middle East

Reagan, Bush, Clinton, G. W. Bush Triumph, Tragedy, and Stupidity

The Reagan Revolution • Ronald Reagan capitalized on the public's frustration. • When he ran for the presidency against Carter in 1980, he asked Americans, "Are you better off than you were four years ago? “ • With annual inflation at 18 percent, the answer was a resounding "No. "

The Reagan Revolution • Reagan won a landslide victory, carrying 43 states and almost 51 percent of the popular vote compared to Carter's 41 percent. • In addition, the Democrats lost the Senate for the first time since 1954.

The Reagan Revolution • 1980 presidential campaign, Reagan drew strong support from white Southerners, suburban Roman Catholics, evangelical Christians, and particularly, the New Right. • The New Right was a confederation of unique political and religious groups bound together by their concern over what they believed were the erosion of values in America

Conservatism Gains Support • The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, which made abortion a constitutional right, and the Supreme Court decisions to limit prayer in public schools shocked deeply religious Americans. • Religious conservatives included many different faiths, with the largest being evangelical Protestant Christians. • The new conservative coalition of voters shared the belief that American society had lost its way. (pages 862– 864)

Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • Americans had lost faith in their government, lost confidence in the economy, and longed for stability and a return to a better time. • After World War II, a religious revival began with Protestant ministers like Billy Graham creating a national following. (pages 862– 864)

Conservatism Gains Support (cont. ) • Television enabled Christian evangelicals to reach nationwide audiences. • Televangelists, as they were called, included Pat Robertson, who founded the Christian Broadcasting Network, and Jerry Falwell, who used his show The Old-Time Gospel Hour to create the movement he called “Moral Majority. ” (pages 862– 864)

Reaganomics • Promised to rebuild the nation's defenses • Restore economic growth, – trim the size of the federal government by limiting its role • in welfare • education • housing.

Reaganomics • Reagan blamed the nation's economic ills on declining capital investment and a tax structure biased against work and productive investment. • To stimulate the economy, he persuaded Congress to slash tax rates. – In 1981, Congress cut taxes 5 percent in 1981 – 10 percent in 1982 and 1983 – In 1986, another tax bill, which reduced tax rates of the wealthiest Americans to 28 percent, while closing a variety of tax loopholes

Reaganomics • August 1981, Reagan dealt blow to organized labor by firing 15, 000 striking air-traffic controllers • Strengthened the nation's defenses, doubled the defense budget--to more than $330 billion by 1987 • Deregulated the banking and natural gas industries and lifted ceilings on interest rates • Department of the Interior opened up large areas such as offshore oil fields, to private development.

Reaganomics • Reagan's laissez-faire principles affect approach to social programs • Cut spending on a variety of social welfare programs – – – Aid to Families with Dependent Children food stamps child nutrition job training for young people programs to prevent child abuse mental health services.

Reaganomics • The Reagan administration eliminated – welfare assistance for the working poor – reduced federal subsidies for child-care services for low-income families – allow ketchup to be counted as a vegetable in school lunches.

Reaganomics • Reagan left office while the economy was in the midst of its longest post-World War II expansion. • The economy was growing faster, with less inflation, than at any time since the mid-1960 s. • Adjusted for inflation, disposable personal income person rose 20 percent after 1980. – Inflation fell from 13 percent in 1981 to less than 4 percent annually. – Unemployment was down to approximately 5 percent

Reaganomics • Massive federal budget deficit, which increased $1. 5 trillion during the Reagan presidency--a deficit that was three times the debt accumulated by all 39 of Reagan's presidential predecessors. – The growing income gap between rich and poor. – the expensive consequences of reduced government regulation • namely, cleaning up federal nuclear weapons facilities • bailing out the nation's savings and loans industry.

Reagan and the Evil Empire • Reagan described the Soviet Union as "an evil empire" and called for a space-based missile defense system, derided by critics as "Star Wars. " • Soviet money and Cuban troops came to Grenada – U. S. troops invaded Grenada, killed or captured 750 Cuban soldiers, and established a new government

Reagan and the Evil Empire • In Afghanistan, the United States was provided aid to anti-Soviet freedom fighters, ultimately, helping to force Soviet troops to withdraw • Nicaragua and the Sandanistas – Daniel Ortega – Iran Contra Scandal – CIA, Oliver North

Reagan and the Evil Empire • Mikhail Gorbachev at 54 becomes the new Soviet leader – called for sweeping political liberalization (glasnost) and economic reform (perestroika) – legalized small private business cooperatives, relaxed laws prohibiting land ownership, and approved foreign investment within the Soviet Union. – He cut the Soviet defense budget, withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan and Eastern Europe

Reagan and the Middle East • • • Lebanon Bombing raid on Libya Iran Contra Support for Taliban Support for Sadaam Hussein

Reagan Legacy • He dampened inflation • Restored public confidence in government • Presided over the beginning of the end of the Cold War. • Doubled the defense budget • Named the first woman to the Supreme Court • Launched a strong economic boom • Created a heightened sense of national unity. • “Just Say No!”

Reagan Naysayers • Criticized him for a reckless use of military power and for circumventing Congress in foreign affairs. • Fostered greed and intolerance. • Ripped the social safety net and skimped on the government's regulatory functions. • Insensitive on racial issues. • During the Reagan years, the national debt tripled, from $909 billion to almost $2. 9 trillion • Corporate and individual debt also soared. • During the early 1990 s, the American people consumed $1 trillion more goods and services than they produced. • The United States also became the world's biggest debtor nation, as a result of a weak dollar, a low level of exports, and the need to borrow abroad to finance budget deficits.

The Bush Presidency (41) • Election of 1988 – Michael Dukakis (D) – George H. W. Bush (R) • Main issues: – – taxes building a “kinder America” the “wimp” factor 1, 000 Points of Lights

Domestic Issues • Supreme Court becomes more conservative – toughened laws dealing with the death penalty – restricted situations in which women could have abortions • Flag-burning • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) • NAFTA

War on Drugs • Illegal drug use becomes a national issue • Bush tries to stop traffic from Colombia and Panama • Manuel Noriega

AIDS Epidemic • AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • Caused by HIV • Virus destroys the body’s ability to fight off disease or infection • Virus is transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids

Economic Woes • High National Debt • Savings and Loan Crisis • “Read my lips, no new taxes!”

A New World Order • Reforming Communist Societies in the West • Poland • Eastern Europe • Berlin Wall

Fighting for Democracy • China – Large demonstrations in Tianenmen Square in Beijing – Thousands of students arrested – Still unknown how many were killed - current estimate is 3, 000

South Africa • Apartheid - laws that force the segregation of whites and blacks • Laws help maintain white minority rule • Nelson Mandela and the ANC

World of Technology • Birth of Email and the Internet • Genetic engineering • Environmental changes – global warming – deforestation – acid rain

The Persian Gulf War Operation Desert Storm January 16 – February 28, 1991

Background: The Iran–Iraq War • 1979 – Saddam Hussein becomes leader of Iraq • Sept 1980 – Iraq invades Iran; Hussein predicts a two-week war • July 1988 – Iran accepts terms of cease-fire • Iraq wins but now has $500 billion war debt

World Oil Reserves (1990)

The Invasion of Kuwait • August 2, 1990 • Saddam Hussein announces his intent to annex Kuwait

Building an International Coalition • Economic Sanctions • Use of Military Force – US and allies deploy massive military force along the Kuwaiti and Saudi border – 690, 000 troops (425, 000 American) President Bush and King Fahd of Saudi Arabia

A Line in the Sand • November 29, 1990 – UN authorizes military action to expel Iraq from Kuwait, if they do not withdraw by January 15 th • January 16, 1991 – Allied forces begin to attack

World’s Largest Armies (1990)

Modern Warfare • Allies rely heavily on air power • Ground troops are mostly secondary to the heavy bombardment • Allied bombing lasts six weeks; meets only token resistance from small Iraqi air force F-117 A Nighthawk Stealth Fighter

Scuds vs. Patriots Fear of chemical and biological agents Attacks on Israel

End of the War February 28, 1991 – Iraq announces its acceptance of allied terms for cease fire agreement. • US battlefield losses are less than 150 • Iraqi losses are estimated at more than 100, 000

Ecological Terrorism • Hussein orders retreating troops to open the Kuwaiti pipeline, spilling oil into the gulf • 700 oil wells are set ablaze • All fires extinguished in less than a year

The 1992 Election • Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton defeated George Bush and Texas businessman Ross Perot to become the first Democratic president in 12 years. • The campaign was a bitter, three-way contest marked by intense assaults on the candidates’ records and character

Bill Clinton won the election with only 43 percent of the popular vote but 370 electoral votes

The Clinton Agenda • 1 st two years in office, a string of legislative successes. • To reduce the federal budget deficit, • Congress raised taxes on the wealthiest Americans and on gasoline and cut government spending. • To create jobs, the Senate ratified the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), eliminating tariff barriers between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. • Completed negotiations on the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), reducing global trading barriers

Clinton Failures • President Clinton backed away from a promise to let homosexuals serve in the military and instead instituted a compromise policy of "don'task, don't-tell. " • The centerpiece of his legislative agenda--a program of universal health care coverage--had to be withdrawn. His plan to guarantee lifelong healthcare to Americans through local networks of insurers, hospitals, and doctors was criticized for its complexity and for excessive government involvement in the healthcare system.

Clinton Failures • Allegations of financial and sexual misconduct before he became president. • One controversy stemmed from investments he and his wife had made in the Whitewater Development Corporation, an Arkansas real estate development firm. • Another concerned charges of sexual harassment made by a former Arkansas government employee. Clinton eventually settled the sexual misconduct lawsuit for $850, 000 and was ordered by a judge to pay an additional $90, 000 for lying under oath.

Contract with America • 1994, Republicans won control of both houses of Congress. Campaigning on a ten-point "Contract With America" • Congressional Republicans called for welfare reform • Term limits for political office holders • A moratorium on environmental, health, and safety regulations • A Constitutional Amendment requiring a balanced budget.

Clinton Fights Back • Bill Clinton promised to cut the federal deficit in half create millions of new jobs, and "end welfare as we know it. “ • Over Republican opposition in Congress, the Clinton administration raised the minimum wages and the Earned Income Tax Credit (which provides financial assistance to the working poor). • Started "Ameri. Corp, " a national service program; • Gave workers up to 12 weeks unpaid leaves to deal with family emergencies • Blocked efforts to restrict abortions.

Working Together • Worked with Congressional Republicans, the administration reduced the size of the government workforce, expanded international trade, and eliminated the federal budget deficit and a budget surplus. • Clinton and the Congressional Republicans also ended the 60 -year-old welfare system. The welfare reform measures limited the time that people could spend on welfare rolls and required welfare recipients to work or receive training.

Lowpoints • • • Somalia World Trade Bombing Monica Lewinsky Waco Oklahoma City Bombing Impeachment

George W. Bush

The 2000 Election • • • George W. Bush (Rep. ) Al Gore (Dem) Ralph Nader (Green Party) The presidency hung on a few hundred votes in a single state (Florida) Lawsuits and requests for recounts Confusing ballots, Missing names from voting rolls Subjecting minority voters to multiple requests for identification The Hanging Chad

GWB • George W. Bush described himself as a “compassionate conservative” committed to the principles of limited government, personal responsibility, strong families, and local control. • Proposed to improve public schools by insisting on competency testing. • “Faith-based initiative, ” religious institutions would be able to compete for government funds to provide social services. • A major legislative success involved cutting tax

9/11/01 • 1998, Osama bin Laden had formed a terrorist network called Al-Qaeda, which in Arabic means “the base. ” • He provided training camps, financing, planning, recruitment, and other support services for fighters seeking to strike at the United States.

9/11/01 • Four previous attacks against the U. S. – the 1993 World Trade Center bombing – the 1996 killing of 19 U. S. soldiers in Saudi Arabia – the 1998 bombings of U. S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania – the 2000 attack on the USS Cole at a port in Yemen, in which 17 U. S. sailors were killed.

9/11/01 • Hijackers turned commercial airlines into missiles and attacked key symbols of American economic and military might. – the World Trade Center towers in New York – destroyed part of the Pentagon, – left Americans in a mood similar to that which the country experienced after the devastating Japanese attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in 1941.

9/11/01 • George W. Bush organized an international coalition against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban government in Afghanistan that supported it. He persuaded Pakistan, which had been the main sponsor of Afghanistan’s Taliban government, to support the United States diplomatically and logistically.

9/11 • U. S. -led coalition launched an attack against targets in Afghanistan--the beginning of what President Bush has promised would be a long campaign against terrorist groups and the states that support them. • The American strategy involved using American air power and ground targeting to support the Northern Alliance, the major indigenous force opposing the Taliban. • U. S. and British forces coordinated ground operations against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.

Iraq • March 20, 2003 Operation Iraqi Freedom • Successful in overthrowing the dictator Sadaam Hussein • Civil War and insurgency • Messopotamia A Saga ?

2004 Election

The Results Nominee George W. Bush John Kerry Party Republican Democratic Texas Massachuse tts Running mate Dick Cheney John Edwards Electoral vote 286 251[1] States carried 31 19 + DC Popular vote 62, 040, 610 59, 028, 444 Percentage 50. 7% 48. 3% Home state

Katrina (2005) and Rita (2005) • 80% 0 f New Orleans underwater, avg. 15 ft. • Rita a much larger storm, however Katrina had scared the heck out of people

2008 Election • Issues – The economy had cratered – Bank and housing collapse – Car industry imploded – Still in Iraq and Afghanistan

Houston Flees

2008 election Nominee Barack Obama John Mc. Cain Democratic Republican Illinois Arizona Running mate Joe Biden Sarah Palin Electoral vote 365 173 States carried 28 + DC + NE-02 22 Popular vote 69, 456, 897 59, 934, 814 Percentage 52. 9% 45. 7% Party Home state