GO 131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College Ethnic and Religious Conflict
Grave Threat to Peace
Why so much local conflict now?
How to Characterize? Revival of “Ancient Hatreds? ” Natural Divisions (tribal, ethnic) Revenge of “Bad Borders? ” Unnatural Divisions (a legacy of colonialism)
Or the Exploitation of Divisions? Babri Masjid (1992)
Case #1: Arabs and Jews
Returning to Palestine Arabs in the Ottoman Empire Zionist dreams Escaping pograms in Russia and Poland Balfour Declaration (1917) The 1930 s Jewish refuge Arab alarm British blockade
The Palestine War (1948) End of the British Mandate UN Partition land grab Deir Yassin massacre great power politics
UN Partition Plan (1947)
Israel Holds its Own The Birth of Israel (May 14, 1948) Arab attacks from north, south, and east Repelled and reversed
The Suez Crisis (1956) Gamal Abdel Nasser President of Egypt (1952) Champion of Arab nationalism Nationalizes the Suez Canal (1955) Blockades the Gulf of Aqaba (1955)
Strategic Waterways
Israel, the UK, and France The secret plan Israel attacks Egypt (10/29/1956) UK and France intervene (10/30/56) US calls for restraint USSR supports US Israel relinquishes its spoils UNEF patrols
Six-day War (1967) Syria El Fatah raids Egypt expels UNEF from Sinai blockades Gulf of Aqaba (again) Israel Responds with lighting attacks Occupies key territories Preempts the UN
Expanded Israel
The October War (1973) Syria and Egypt attack on Yom Kippur Risk of Soviet-US proxy war Geneva Peace Accords (12/73) UN observers in Sinai and on Golan Heights
Camp David Accord (1979) Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter and Menachem Begin
From Tourist Trap to Failed State
Carving up Lebanon Civil War (1975) Muslims vs. Christians Syria occupies central Lebanon Israel invades (1982) US intervenes
Intifadeh First Palestinian uprising (1988) Rock throwing Economic boycott Strikes
Oslo Peace Accord (1993) Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, Yasir Arafat
Great Expectations Jordan-Israel peace agreement (1995) Syria-Israel negotiations (1999) Barak plan (2000) “Land for Peace” Torpedoed by Arafat
Ariel Sharon
The Second Intifadeh Palestinians revolt Suicide bombers Israeli reprisals Leveling villages
New Peace Efforts Bush’s “Road Map” (2001) Abu Mazen as PA PM (2003) Trying to tame Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Al Aqsa Martyr’s Brigade, Hezbollah And failing….
Terror Continues Reem Raiyshi with her son Obida, 3, before she set off a bomb in Gaza on 1/26/04, killing herself and four Israelis.
The Fence
The Occupation Continues
Case #2: Hindus vs Moslems
Two Battles for Independence British rule (from early 17 th century) East India Company “divide and conquer” Fighting for sovereignty Hindus under Mahatma Gandhi Moslems under Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Partition (1947)
Kashmir British had installed a Hindu prince in predominantly Moslem region (1846) During partition, Moslems revolted New Pakistan state supported New Indian state opposed War (1948 -49)
A Region Divided
Pakistan’s Allies Military regime (General Ayub Khan) Unlike India under Congress Party (Nehru) Bandwagoning with the U. S. Friendship with China
Kashmir War of 1965
Bloody Birth of Bangladesh Resentment of East Pakistan 1970 cyclone 1971: Calls for independence West Pakistan cracks down Bengali refugees spill into India intervenes Aligns with USSR Indira Gandhi orders a strike
Nuclear confrontation Battle of nuclear tests (1998) Terrorist attacks inside India Playing nuclear chicken (2003)
Case #3: Sudan
Background Independence from UK in 1956 Civil War for all but ten years (72 -82) Muslim Arabs in the north Christian/animist Africans in the south Northerners control Khartoum regime Military junta seized power in 1989 Allied with National Congress Party (NCP), formerly the National Islamic Front (NIF) Islamic Law (Sharia) and Arabization
Racial Chauvinism Ibrahim Omar, head of NCP Child soldier in south
“Leave Only the Birds” Depopulation Strategy Emptying villages in the south Trains and horsemen Slavery “Buy-back” program ($50 person)
Slavery in Sudan
Darfur
Marginalization A region ignored Arab militia versus the African SLA Khartoum backs the Arabs Tens of thousands killed 1. 5 million displaced
Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur
Case #4: Ivory Coast
Civil Strife North versus South Citizenship and bloodlines Defined by southern elites Abidgan regime (Laurent Gbagbo) The South Rebels in the North France viewed as partisan
Blowback of Colonialism
Case #5: Bosnia (1994 -5)
What does Posen say? It’s another security dilemma
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