Globalization and the Crisis of National Identity By

Globalization and the Crisis of National Identity By Paul Kennedy & James Maywall

Contents Globalization & National identity & Regionalism

Globalization & National Identity ü Understanding Identities ü Globalization and Society ü Crisis or Challenge ü Coming to the Terms with Globalization; - case studies

Understanding Identities • Identity u Individual Collective Individual Identities Economists & Psychologist ; individuality as separate and distinctive from social identities Social / Interaction Theorist ; individual identity isn’t meaningful in isolation from the social world of other people (ex; Mead’s I, Me)

Understanding Identities u Collective identities 1) In Sociological-Interactionist Formulation; Social Identity The way in which we self-consciously locate ourselves in our social world 2) Thus, the individual has to invest in the social positions and cultural identities offered by society. ->This is the process of identification. We align our subjective feeling with the objective spaces.

Globalization & Nationalism • The world is becoming integrated as physical, political, social obstacles are getting removed. • If so, nationalism would disappear in the era of globalization? • In reality, nationalism has been very much of evidence. Ex) demands for independence or autonomy within a state, protests about migration, free trade

Globalization & Nationalism • Then, why nationalism which is contradictory to globalization is evident? - Nationalism as a reaction against globalization - Nationalism as a product of globalization - Globalization has not been reached to the emotional level. • Nationalism is related to globalization as a resistance and a product, not opposite. • Globalization isn’t wider concept absorbing nationalities. Rather it is common part among them. • Nationalism is not the alternative to globalization but intrinsic part of it.

Globalization & Society ; a crisis of identification • Globalization has both features of integration and disintegration. • Nations, communities, individuals are facing a condition of anxiety through multi-dimensional changes. • Class, gender, ethnicity, race and nationality are now disintegrating, so individuals are losing the feeling of belonging, de-centered, and dislocated. • Individuals search for meaning on the basis of what they are, or believe they are for rediscovery a lost sense of identity. • Great danger; Jingoism, defensive identity as a response to social exclusion

Crisis or Challenge Q) If there is indeed a crisis of identities augmented by globalization, then for whom does it matter, how much and why? The answer is ; For some, globalization causes a crisis of identities. For others, globalization offers challenges. ex) Migrants, White residents

Case Studies A. The reality of crisis; Russia Serbia East Germany a small fundamentalist Christian sect in the US B. Opportunity; Ireland C. Difficult and uncertain challenges; Israel South Africa

Case Studies; the reality of crisis • Russia 1) After the end of the Cold War, national pride was severely damaged. 2) So it tried to make a new national identity out of various traditional ingredients(; the Russia Orthodox Church, the peasant commune…) 3) Attempt to manipulate representations of the western ‘other’

Case Studies; the reality of crisis • Serbia 1) Ethnic cultural identities were not problematic for most ordinary people until the following the upsurge of global interests and the growing external pressures. 2) The involvement of the global civil society led to an aggressive Serbian national identity and clear ethnic divisions. 3) The perception on the part of Serbians that a formidable and hostile global other was unfairly representing them as a barbarian, pariah people.

Case Studies; the reality of crisis • The German Democratic Republic 1) Struggles to cope with the reality of post-Cold War absorption into a united Federal Republic of Germany. 2) The Majority FRG members and the people of EU caused anxiety among eastern Germans. ; so the contempt further problematizes the difficulties of coping with the new German and European identity. 3) A reactive identity of contrariness based on ‘Ostalgia’ and ‘Ossi’ pride for the former GDR was made.

Case Studies; the reality of crisis • White Christians in the US 1) For them, the US is a country which once enjoyed the status of being God’s chosen nation. - based on a pure, radicalized national identity 2) Various of aspects of globalization undermined the once stable of personal and national identity and highlighted uncertainties. ; the exercise of increased personal freedom and hedonistic life style provoked panic and fear. the rise of powerful rival economies across the world the growing population of Hispanics, Asians, other nonwhite residents

Case Studies; opportunity • Ireland 1) It had devoted itself to independence and isolated itself from the external forces. 2) Struggle to seek identity and the feeling of being victimized. 3) But Irish opened its economy, attracted foreign investment and gained the economic success. 4) The economic success has provided a new sense of optimism. ; confidence and pride

Case Studies; unclear outcomes • Israel 1) It was able to remain largely self-absorbed in the internal enterprise of national consolidation and was insulated from the globalizing forces. 2) From 1980 s, immigrant workers are flowed in. ; they bring with them a new multiculturalism and a variety of religious identities. 3) There is a division between the neo, post-Zionist even within it. -> Israel is pushed into the challenging era of identity reconstruction.

Case Studies; unclear outcomes • South Africa 1) Harmful ethnic categorization, exclusion, separation are inscribed into the national psyche and political structure. 2) Being reconstituted.

National identity & Regionalism • Definition 1) 2 ways of seeing nation; a cultural community a political community -> the concept of nation as a political community is more capable of measuring up to reality.

National identity & Regionalism Q 1) How have regionalism and nationalism been related since 1945? Q 2) Can nationalism and regionalism be accommodated within a reconstructed international order?

How have Regionalism and Nationalism been related since 1945? • After the Second World War, the new international order focused on two things ; one is collective security the other is an open world economy • However collective security was marginalized and open economy was not successful. • Regionalism was elevated with the outbreak of the Cold War. • Regionalism are to be used to combat the danger of a retreat toward political, economic nationalism. • Regionalism has been successful in Europe but failed in the Third World.

Can Nationalism and Regionalism be accommodated within a reconstructed international order? • Regionalism is viewed as a supplement to nationalism. • It should be designed to help manage the inevitable problems that arise from the coexistence of competing national groups.

Conclusion • Globalization has brought tremendous multi-dimensional changes with great speed. • We are faced with a crisis of identities intensified by globalization seem difficult to refute. • Living in the globalizing world requires the person to be flexible and skilled in the task of continuous selfconstruction and reconstruction and be able to deal with the ever-changing changes. • If you don’t have those characteristics, coping with life in a globalizing world would be difficult. • It’s up to you whether changes mean a crisis or a challenge.

Conclusion • The capacity of nation-state has been undermined by globalization. • Through regional integration, we could tackle problems which individual nation-state can’t solve. • Regional integration has long way to go even in Europe where it has been quite successful. • Nation-states recognize the necessity of regional integration and are trying to accomplish it.

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