Global Trade SOL WHII 5 The Ottoman

Global Trade SOL WHII 5

The Ottoman Empire

The Rise of the Ottomans – -1200’s-1918 – Originated in Anatolia/Asia Minor (Turkey) and conquered the Byzantines. The Turkish warriors who fought were called ghazis and their leader’s name was Osman. • The Ottomans were actually conquered by Mongols from Asia. • This divided the empire. Mehmed II took power and continued to expand. – Sultans gathered skilled soldiers called Janissaries. They were young war captives who were trained in Islam and fought for the sultan. These soldiers fought to expand the empire.

The Rise of the Ottomans • Capital City was Istanbul (formerly Constantinople). – Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, which brought the Byzantine Empire to the End. They renamed the city Istanbul.

Expanded into Southeastern Europe (the Balkan Peninsula), and North Africa.

Why was the Ottoman Empire an Important Place to Trade? • Silk Roads ran through it on the way to Europe

Ottoman Leaders o Osman – First Leader – His name is the root word for Ottoman. o Suleiman I “The Magnificent” – 1520 -1566 – Known as the greatest Ottoman sultan. Brought the empire to the height of its power. – Named the “Law Giver” for his reorganization of Ottoman Laws. – ruled during the “Golden Age” of architecture, painting, poetry, and calligraphy. – Saw himself as the most powerful leader on Earth.

Ottoman Government and Society Sultan- absolute ruler of the Ottomans. Political and religious leader. viziers- second in command. Enforced the Sultan’s decisions throughout the Empire.

Ottomans and World Trade • By 1600, the Ottomans controlled major trade routes between Asia and Europe. • Their strength enhanced world trade because the roads were safe and easy to travel on. • Goods flowed between Europe and Asia on caravans. • important exports included coffee and ceramics.

Religion in the Ottoman Empire • They used Islam as a unifying force for those in their empire. • Many religious groups and cultures were allowed to practice religious faiths other than Muslim if they paid a tax. • Non-Muslim religious groups were also allowed to run their own affairs and communities called millets. • Non-Muslim leaders could be elected to represent the millets and present their views to the Ottoman government.

Decline of the Ottoman Empire • By 1600, the Ottomans had reached the peak of their power (unquestioned leaders of Muslim world) • The Ottomans found that the Empire was caught between two very powerful enemies. – Persia (Iran) to the East – Western Europe to the West (France, Spain, Poland) • Slowly, the Ottoman Empire was chipped away from the edges by these emerging powers – They lost their monopoly over trade between Europe and Asia. – Other factors: the government became corrupt and rebellions among the Janissaries. • The empire actually existed until 1918 when it was divided up by the French and English after WWI. (Mandate System)

Review Questions for the Ottomans 1. In what part of the world did the Ottoman Empire have its beginnings? 2. Which of city did the Ottomans capture, rename Istanbul, and make their capital? 3. What areas did the Ottoman empire expand to? 4. Trade in the Ottoman Empire was mainly centered around? 5. The unifying force of the Ottoman Empire was?

Mughal Empire (1526 -1707)

Origins of the Mughal Empire • By 1206, Turkish Muslims had conquered most of northern India. • In the 16 th century, a group of Indian warrior princes called rajputs challenged them, beat them out of India, and established their own empire. • The rajputs, descendants of the Asian Mongols, were led by Babur. (descendant of Timur, who conquered the Ottomans at one point) • The empire was called the Mughal Empire. – They were primarily Muslim and India was Hindu, so the Mongol leaders had to be quite strict in order to stay in control.

Mughal Empire-Present. Day India (1526 -1707)

Akbar the Great (ruled from 1556 -1605) • He unified the empire and extended it into northern India. • Akbar was known as a brilliant organizer – Divided India into provinces and allowed trained administrators to run them. • Promoted Religious toleration (very similar to Ottoman millet system) – Used Hindus as administrator and army commanders. • Improved the tax system and spent taxes wisely – Built road and minted coins. • Spent much time as judge, listening to complaints and made legal decisions.

Economy of the Mughals • The greatest success of the Mughal leaders was to strengthen the Indian economy. • Indian agriculture produced many crops. Among them was sugar, opium, and tobacco • They also produced textiles and iron products like cannons. • Indian Ocean coastal trade flourished when Portugal built trading posts along the coastline. The English, Dutch, and French soon followed. • Southern India traded silks, spices, and gems. • The Mughals were so talented that the English word for a highly successful business person is mogul.

Shah Jahan (1628 -1658) • Built the Taj Mahal. It was a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. • ruled during the height of the Mughal empire. Engaged his empire in expensive military campaigns against Persia. – As a result, he taxed his people heavily and many suffered.

Taj Mahal

Pictures of Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan • sought to make the capital city of Delhi the world’s most beautiful capital.

Shah Jahan • After his death, the Mughals suffered many Hindu revolts and economic problems that weakened the empire. – religious tolerance was renounced and Hindu temples were destroyed. – The central government suffered a breakdown which led to local leaders becoming more powerful. – The British East India Company became protectors of the Empire in 1784. – The empire ended when the British Government took control of the India subcontinent in 1858.

Pictures of Modern-Day India

Hindu Tombs

Fort Agra Red Fort

Review Questions 1. To enshrines his wife’s memory, Shah Jahan ordered the building of a tomb “as beautiful as she was beautiful” that is now called the? 2. The Mughal Empire had to compete with European nations for trade on what body of water? 3. The Mughal Empire was centered in what area? 4. The dominant religion of the Mughal Empire was – 5. Which European countries traded in India? 6. Create a Double Bubble to compare the Ottoman and the Mughal Empires.

Ottoman Empire Mughal Empire

Commercial Revolution • European maritime nations competed for raw materials, colonies, and new markets. • A new economic system emerged: Mercantilism • New money and new markets were created • New Business structure: joint-stock company • Colonies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country. – Tariffs were created to encourage people to buy from within the country (or the mother country). – Limits placed on goods that competed with the mother countries’ goods

Ming Dynasty

Ming Dynasty • In 1368, Hong Wu established the Ming dynasty and the Mings ruled until 1644. • The first native dynasty to rule China. • The Early Ming Emperors brought peace and stability to China • They imposed new laws and reorganized tax collection. • Confucianism was the official doctrine of the government.

Ming Dynasty • Wu also built the Great Wall of China to help keep nomadic tribes outside China and Chinese culture within the empire.

Economy of Ming China • Under the Mings, the Chinese prospered greatly. – They were, in fact, more prosperous than European nations before they began exploring. • The Government offered free land, tools, seed, and animals to farmers in war-ravaged areas of the country. • The government also maintained a system of canals and roads that connected the markets and farms. • Trade expanded in China and port cities like Shanghai expanded to handle trade and an increased population.

Chinese Exploration • The Mings built a Navy that could sail to foreign ports. – They successfully reached Southeast Asia, India, the Persian Gulf, and even visited ports on the eastern coast of Africa. • Later, the Ming Emperors did not continue this policy of exploration; instead concentrated their money on internal problems.

The Forbidden City • A complex of houses and government buildings that was located in Beijing, which became China’s capital in 1422. • The Ming Emperors shut themselves up in the palaces of the Forbidden City and lived their lives in seclusion. – Consequently, lower officials became corrupt and took over day to day running of the empire. – Eventually, the Mings were replaced by the Qing Dynasties.

Qing Dynasty • Began in 1644 -1911 – These emperors were Manchurian, not Chinese – During their dynasty, Taiwan became part of the Empire. – They proved to be able rulers and put ethical Manchurians in positions of leadership. • They reduced taxes, built public works projects and attempted flood control on China’s rivers. Manchuria

Chinese Trade Policies • Tried to limit influence and activities of European merchants – Fearful of being invaded – Wanted to be self-sufficient – Merchants had to live in isolated communities (Foreign Enclaves****) to limit trade and access to general population – Europeans could only trade with government-approved merchants

Effects of Contact with Europe • Many Europeans arrived in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. – The Portuguese, for example, established a trading center in Macao. • Christian Missionaries came to convert the large Chinese population – In general, their efforts were unsuccessful and they were forced out of China in the 1700’s.

China and Britain • In the late 1600 s, the British established a trading post in Guangzhou, which became a major trading post. • British wanted free trade- Idea that government should not interfere or restrict with international trade – Reaction to mercantilism • East India Company had monopoly in China – Non- EIC merchants angry, wanted more Chinese ports open – Chinese refuse, British angered

British in China • British LOVE tea (then and now) • Traded tea for cotton from India • Demand for cotton in China low, but British demand for tea was high • British found new product to trade with Chinese for tea – Opium- drug from the sap of poppies – Chinese mixed opium with tobacco • Many Chinese addicted

Poppies and Opium

Opium Den

Opium Wars • Chinese began to have unequal trade with British because of Opium • British refused to restrict opium trade, Chinese declare war • British defeat Chinese in 2 Opium Wars – Treaty of Nanjing—British gain island of Hong Kong, more ports, could trade with all Chinese merchants, and British merchants could live anywhere, and extraterritoriality – Extraterritoriality- when foreigners follow the laws of their country, not that of the one they are visiting

Boxer Rebellion • The Boxer Rebellion occurred in the final years of the Qing Dynasty • Led by the Society of Right and Harmonious Fists – Against foreign influences in China – Attacked foreigners – Other countries had to come to China’s aid to end the rebellion

Boxers in China

Review Questions • 1. European nations competed to control colonies and markets overseas during a period of time called the • 2. What is mercantilism? • 3. How was the Qing dynasty different from the Ming? • 4. China sought to minimize foreign influence by – • 5. What are the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing?

Japan

Japan • In 1467, there was a civil war in Japan between members of the Ashikaga family. It lasted about 100 years, weakened the central government, and allowed for a feudal system to be set up in Japan. • Warlords called Daimyo dominated Japan through this system. The most powerful was Tokugawa Ieyasu. • He established his capital at Tokyo and became shogun in 1603. As shogun, he controlled all of Japan and set up a dynasty. • Video

Tokugawa Government • Under the Tokugawa Shoguns, the local leaders controlled their own land taxed their own people to support Samurai soldiers. • The Tokugawas did not rule Japan directly, but influenced it by remaining the greatest military power on earth. – As a result of Tokugawa rule, Japan had stability for more than two centuries. Additionally, contact with foreigners was limited.

Closed-door policy • They limited foreign contact because they feared the spread of Christianity. – Some rivals to the Tokugawa were influenced by Christianity, many times. These rivals used guns, often, which was an insult to the Tokugawa because samurai fighting ethic was based on skill. One shot could erase years of training. – Portuguese Jesuits had converted as many as 300, 000 Japanese in the 1600 s and the Tokugawa saw it as a threat to their authority because it taught loyalty to a higher authority other than the Emperor. • A few Dutch merchants were allowed to live and trade near Nagasaki (only Europeans after the 1630 s)

Isolation Ends • President Millard Fillmore of the U. S. send Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan. He arrived with heavily armed, steam-powered warships in 1853. – His reason for coming: to negotiate a treaty that would guarantee safety of U. S. sailors and would open up trade. Perry presented the treaty and promised to return in one year. Millard Fillmore Matthew Perry

Isolation Ends • Upon his return, Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa that met U. S. demands. Similar treaties with other nations followed and Japan’s isolation ended.

Open-Door Policy • Under the Treaty of Kanagawa, the Japanese opened two ports to let Americans obtain fuel, shelter, and supplies. • Foreign nations were soon allowed to establish consulates (diplomatic offices) within Japan.

African Empires The Songhai

Africa and Global Trade • The exportation of slaves and demand for imported goods began to alter traditional economic patterns in Africa. • African exports – Slaves (triangular trade) – Raw materials (ivory, gold) • African imports – Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia and the Americas – New food products (corn, peanuts) • Africa’s Atlantic Ocean Coast – European trading posts (Atlantic slave trade, the Gold Coast) – Exploitation of African peoples and resources

p. 206 in textbook

Review Questions • 1. Until the middle 19 th century, Japan’s supreme general of the army ruled through a puppet emperor and held the title of? • 2. Why did Japan institute a “closed door” policy? • 3. What was the one exception to that rule? • 4. What did Commodore Perry do? • 5. What are new imports to Africa during the 1500 s?