Global Health and Gender Michele Barry, M. D. , FACP Professor of Medicine and Global Health Yale University School of Medicine Director of Office of International Health AYA April 30, 2004
Gender and Global Health • • • Women Gender and 10/90 Gap HIV/AIDS and Women Maternal and Reproductive Health Missing Women Gender Based Violence Research on Gender and Global Health
Gender and 10/90 GAP = only 10% current global funding for research is spent on diseases that afflict 90% of the world’s population In developing countries • Women have less access to health care and gender analysis to health research is lacking. • There are distinct differences in patterns of health and health outcomes when gender analysis is applied
Leading Causes of Death in Women Worldwide - 2001 HIV/AIDS 1. 3 million Malaria 592, 000 Maternal Conditions 509, 000 Tuberculosis 500, 000 Source: World Health Report 2002, World Health Organization
Gender and Global Health • • • Women Gender and 10/90 Gap HIV/AIDS and Women Maternal and Reproductive Health Missing Women Gender Based Violence Research on Gender and Global Health
HIV/AIDS and Women More than 50% of those living with HIV are women < 1% globally have access to anti-retrovirals In sub-Saharan Africa nearly twice as many women as men are infected
HIV/AIDS and Women Potential reasons • • Biological differences of risk of acquisition Economic vulnerability leading to transactional sex Coerced sex/rape/marriage Inability to negotiate condom use
HIV/AIDS and Women Biological differences of risk of acquisition • Several studies have shown that it is easier for a woman to contract HIV/AIDS from a sexual contact with an infected man than it is for a man with an infected woman • The presence of an untreated STI increases the risk to contract 10 X. STIs often do not give rise to any symptoms in women so they remain untreated or unrecognised • Coerced sex increases risk of micro-lesions; more frequent for women, although also important in young boys
Gender and Global Health • • • Women Gender and 10/90 Gap HIV/AIDS and Women Maternal and Reproductive Health Missing Women Gender Based Violence Research on Gender and Global Health
Maternal Deaths
Reasons for Maternal Deaths in Low Income Countries Low income countries - 53% attended during delivery 30% receive postnatal care
Safe Motherhood Projects NGOs White Ribbon Alliance – www. whiteribbonalliance. org Family Care International – www. familycareintl. org Save the Children – www. savethechildren. org Technology in Health (PATH) (technical assistance to discourage FGM) – www. path. org Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health www. jhsph. edu/Gates. Institute
Gender and Global Health • • • Women Gender and 10/90 Gap HIV/AIDS and Women Maternal and Reproductive Health Missing Women Gender Based Violence Research on Gender and Global Health
Missing Women Number of Women per 1000 Men, India
Missing Women 60 million “missing girls” mostly in Asia Reasons: • Neglect of female children in health care, admissions to hospitals and feedings • Female infanticide/abortions/dowry deaths • Maternal mortality
Missing Women – Young Adults • • DOWRY DEATHS: – Bride burning - Dowry Deaths India – 1987 - 1, 786 dowry deaths in India (frequently kerosene burning) – Maharashtra state 19% deaths women 15 -44 “accidental burns” – < 1% in Guatemala, Ecuador HONOR KILLINGS: (1000 Pakistan – 1999)
Gender and Global Health • • • Women Gender and 10/90 Gap HIV/AIDS and Women Maternal and Reproductive Health Missing Women Gender Based Violence Research on Gender and Global Health
Violence Against Women Internationally Female Circumcision and Mutilation >80 million women in 39 countries worldwide have undergone female mutilation of the external sex organs. 2 million annually undergo circumcision
Violence Against Women Internationally Definitions: 3 types of “female mutilation” 1. Circumcision (type I - sunna) cutting of the hood of the clitoris (least severe) - least practiced 2. Excision (type II - reduction) removal of clitoris and labia minora 3. Infibulation (Type III - “pharaonic circumcision”) cutting of clitoris, labia minora and medial part of labia. Two sides of the vulva are sewn with catgut and a small opening is left for menses Age: few days old (Ethiopia), 7 years (Egypt, Central Africa), Adolescence (Nigeria, Tanzania)
Documented Female Circumcision
Violence Against Women-Internationally Health Sequelae of Female Circumcision 83% women will have a medical complication Immediate: hemorrhage (within 10 days) urethral damage or other adjacent organs, tetanus, infection, urinary retention from pain Long term: chronic infections, scarring, pelvic infections, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), difficulty with urination Effects on Childbirth: need for de-infibulation delayed labor-increased mortality fistulas Unknown Effects: ? HIV transmission, sexuality, psychological trauma
Violence Against Women Internationally Potential Solutions • Cultural consciousness (WHO position papers on female mutilation) • Education (street theater-India describing dowry deaths) • Grassroot activism (e. g. Brazil’s all female police station) • Legal reform (female mutilation) • Shelters • International cooperation/funding
A Life Cycle Approach
A Life Cycle Approach Female literacy and health: 1 additional year schooling = 3. 4% reduction in mortality
A Life Cycle Approach
A Life Cycle Approach
Gender and Global Health • • • Women Gender and 10/90 Gap HIV/AIDS and Women Maternal and Reproductive Health Missing Women Gender Based Violence Research on Gender and Global Health
Gender “Mainstreaming” Mainstream gender issues and awareness into programs at WHO, UN, World Bank, public health initiatives Mainstream gender issues into research www. who. int/gender/en www. globalforumhealth. org
BURDEN OF BLINDNESS IN MEN AND WOMEN Source: Abou-Gareeb, Lewallen, Bassett and Coutright. Gender and blindness: a meta-analysis of population based prevalence surveys. Opthalmic Epidemiology 2001; 8: 39 -56
Higher prevalence of blindness among women: Why? • Do the greater life spans of women account for the greater burden of degenerative blindness? - But more women are blind at all older ages. Must be another explanation. • Is there differential mortality among blind men/women? - Available evidence does not seem to suggest this.
Higher prevalence of blindness among women: Why? • Studies show that women have a higher biological predisposition to cataract than men, and a socio-cultural predisposition to trachoma (i. e. through child care activities, household environment etc). • Differential use of eye-care services due to differences in gender roles and behaviors. • Studies have found distinct differences between men and women in surgical coverage across age groups – access to cataract surgery/trachoma
Gender Mainstreaming at World Health Organization • Gender and Women’s Health Department at WHO • Gender Team at WHO promote awareness into programs at WHO and public health work • Gender Task Force – senior level managers report gender mainstreaming to Director General
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