Global Conflagration Hot and Cold War Chapter 28

Global Conflagration: Hot and Cold War Chapter 28 Continued

Racism and Destruction • Nazi’s began enforcing these racist policies in • Germans and Japanese 1933 with the Gypsies utilized pseudoscientific theories to justify the • Germans I. D. groups slaughter of certain that were racially and groups to make way for genetically inferior: the master race mixed marriage children, mentally ill, • U. S. used racism physically defective, towards the enemy Jews “Asians” and started internment camps • homeless, criminals, alcoholics, prostitutes, those with STD’s, and homosexual men

Jews • Plan of final solution: total extermination of European Jews • Began with deportation to ghettos • Berlin Conference of 1942: Reinhard Heydrich plan for the SS and extermination • Final solution began with the conquest of Poland invasion of Russia in 1941 -Operation Barbarossa • Executions carried out by the SS and Himmler out of fear that Hitler would favor military over SS • Lowest: Judeocommunists • Himmler established more efficient killing devices: gas camber (I. G. Farben developed the Zyklon B gas just for this purpose) • 1941 extermination camps

Jews • 5 major camps: • Jews could offer no Chelmno, Belzec, resistance because they Sobibor, Treblinka, and were locked in a country Auschwitz that universally accepted their fate while • Many died on journey to immigration policies of death camps: RR cars most other nations made sealed with no food, it impossible for them to water or sanitation leave • 11 million died/ 6 million Jews • Targeted were the old, sick, weak, pregnant, and menstruating women

Jews Burying the Remains of Children by David Olère's first assignment at Auschwitz was as a grave digger of bunker 2. His prisoner number, 106144, is seen both on his shirt and as a tattoo on his left arm.

Gassing / Gazage The container in the lower right is labeled Zyklon B. Although Olère spent most of his time doing art for the SS and translating BBC radio broadcasts, he was, from time to time, called upon to help empty the gas chambers.

Holocaust German soldiers of the Waffen-SS and the Reich Labor Service look on as a member of Einsatzgruppe D prepares to shoot a Ukrainian Jew kneeling on the edge of a mass grave filled with the bodies of previous victims.

Holocaust In March, 1942, the Jews of the Lublin Province of Poland are deported to the Belzec death camp Crematorium furnaces in the Gusen concentration camp after the liberation

http: //www. oskars chindler. com/Albu ms 5/jpg_B. htm

“Near the end of the war, in order to cut expenses and save gas, "cost- accountant considerations" led to an order to place living children directly into the ovens or throw them into open burning pits. “ http: //www. oskarschindler. com/Albums 5/j pg_27. htm

http: //www. oskarschin dler. com/A lbums 5/jpg _B. htm At peak efficiency Auschwitz had the capacity to 'get rid of ten thousand people in 24 hours, ' as the SS Kommandant Rudolf Hoess would testify during the War Crimes Trials after WW 2. Witness after witness, document after document produced irrefutable evidence of the crimes committed, and no witness was more shocking than Rudolf Hoess, who calmly explained how he had come to exterminate 2, 5 million people. http: //www. auschwitz.

http: //www. deathcamps. info/Ex periments/jpg_exp 15. htm High-Altitude Experiments to investigate the limits of human endurance and existence at extremely high altitudes. The victims were placed in the low-pressure chamber and thereafter the simulated altitude therein was raised. Many victims died as a result of these experiments and others suffered grave injury, torture, and ill-treatment. “Dr. Herta Oberheuser killed children with oil and evipan injections, then removed their limbs and vital organs. The time from the injection to death was between three and five minutes, with the person being fully conscious until the last moment. She made some of the most gruesome and painful medical experiments, focused on deliberately inflicting wounds on the subjects. In order to simulate the combat wounds of German soldiers fighting in the war, Herta Oberheuser rubbed foreign objects, such as wood, rusty nails, slivers of glass, dirt or sawdust” into the wounds.

The identical twins Eva Mozes Kor and Miriam Mozes survived the deadly genetic experiments conducted by Josef Mengele in Auschwitz. Their parents, grandparents, two older sisters, uncles, aunts and cousins were killed. The sisters were put through many extremely brutal surgeries and experiments by Mengele, who experimented mainly on twins. Eva later recalled: "I was given five injections. That evening I developed extremely high fever. I was trembling. My arms and my legs were swollen, huge size. Mengele and Dr. Konig and three other doctors came in the next morning. They looked at my fever chart, and Dr. Mengele said, laughingly, 'Too bad, she is so young. She has only two weeks to live. . " Eva later told how a set of Gypsy twins was brought back from Mengele's lab after they were sewn back to back. Mengele had attempted to create a Siamese twin by connecting blood vessels and organs. The twins screamed day and night until gangrene set in, and after three days, they died. . . The fact that Eva and Miriam survived Auschwitz was a miracle in itself, as only few individual twins were still alive at the time the camp was liberated. As adults, Eva and Miriam suffered serious health problems. Eva suffered from miscarriages and tuberculosis. Her son had cancer. Miriam's kidneys never fully developed and she died in 1993 of a rare form of cancer, probably brought on by the unknown medical experiments and injections which she was subjected to at the hands of Josef Mengele.

Holocaust SS-women at the Belsen Camp.

Holocaust In 1943, the Allies stopped Germany's eastward advance into the U. S. S. R. The Soviet Army began pressing westward, through Poland, toward Germany. Under pressure of the Soviet Army offensive, SS-men selected those inmates from concentration camps who were still fit for work. The rest were killed. In this photo, the inmates to be taken to camps inside the Third Reich say good-bye to those who are left behind

Allied Victory • Spring 1941 Germany • With western countries controlled Europe and neutralized Hitler was allied with Soviet carried out his plans Union, Italy, and Japan towards ending (However, this was communism and about to change) expanding German • Summer of 1941 territory in Russia Germany invaded (Operation Barbarossa) Russia (ending the Russian-German non • Stalin then made an aggression pact) and alliance with Great Japan bombed the U. S. Britain and the U. S. (pulling the U. S. into the war)

Soviet Union • Battle for Moscow in 1941 -42: Germans attack Moscow • Unprepared for weather problems: not dressed for winter, tanks didn’t start, weapons jammed in subzero temperatures • Russians counterattack (General Gyorgi Zhukov) forcing ill prepared German soldiers to retreat • Battle of Stalingrad (Volgograd) of 1942 -43: fierce battle where city was repeatedly bombed, however, once winter came around same problems • Russians had 2 advantages: population and weather • 1. 5 million dead • 50% of all death and causalities of the war were incurred by the Soviets

Operation Uranus “In autumn the Soviet generals Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy and Georgy Zhukov, responsible for strategic planning in the Stalingrad area, concentrated massive Soviet forces in the steppes to the north and south of the city. The German northern flank was particularly vulnerable, since it was defended by Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian units that suffered from inferior equipment and low morale. The plan was to keep pinning the Germans down in the city, then punch through the overstretched and weakly defended German flanks and surround the Germans inside Stalingrad. On November 19, the Red Army unleashed Uranus Blue- Nov 19 Orange-Dec 12 Green-Dec 24 Soviet forces consolidated their positions around Stalingrad, and fierce fighting to shrink the pocket began. An attack by a German battlegroup formed to relieve the trapped armies from the South, Operation Wintergewitter (“Winter Storm”) was successfully fended off by the Soviets in December. The full impact of the harsh Russian winter set in. The Volga froze solid, allowing the Soviets to supply their forces in the city more easily. The trapped Germans rapidly ran out of heating fuel and medical supplies, and thousands started dying of frostbite, malnutrition and disease. ”

Wikipedia. com

German soldiers at Stalingrad Street fighting in Stalingrad Wikipedia. com

United States • Japan expanding into China and southeast Asia-opposed by the U. S. through economic embargoes • 1940 Tripartite Pact: Japan join Axis Powers • Japan invades China/ Indochina, which the U. S. insisted upon evacuation and the reestablishment of the open door policy • Lend-Lease Act of 1941 -authorized Roosevelt to provide armaments to Great Britain and Soviets without payment • December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor: Japan attacked U. S. fleet in Hawaii • Surprised: worst single engagement in U. S. naval history • U. S. declared war on Japan December 7, 1941

http: //www. history. navy. mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr. htm USS Utah USS Arizona USS Downes USS Cassin

U. S. • Two front war: Japan in the Pacific and Germany in Europe • December 11, 1941 Germany declared war on the U. S. • U. S. ’ power was in their industrial capabilitiesincreased 400% by 1943 • Much discussion about strategies on side of Allies • Stalin wanted relief for his troops against Germans in Eastern Europe, U. S. focus was on the Pacific, … • …and British focus was • • on North Africa (Suez Canal) 1942 Allies moved from North Africa into Italy Successful in taking over southern Italy Mussolini was stripped of his powers by King Emanuele III. Took control of northern Italy. He was killed in 1945 General Peitro Badoglio replaced Mussolini and September 8, 1943 signed an armistice with the Allies

Mussolini and Hitler Clara Petacci (left) and Benito Mussolini (right) hung by their feet after death. Wikipedia. org

U. S. • Churchill, F. Roosevelt, and Stalin met in November 1943 at Teheran, Iran to discuss new objectives • Roosevelt and Churchill were to open up a second front in France • June 6, 1944 Allied troops under General Eisenhower came ashore the beaches at Normandy (D-Day) • Operation Overlord: 2. 2 million Allied forces poured into northern France • Allied forces broke through German lines to liberate Paris in August • Battle of the Bulge: December 1944 was the Germans last attempt to halt Allied advances, but it only slowed down the Allies • March 1945 Allies marched from the Rhine into Germany • Russians seized capital of Berlin in April 1945 • Hitler committed suicide later that month

D-Day (Operation Overlord) and later the Battle for Normandy Eisenhower speaks with U. S. paratroops of the 502 d Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101 st Airborne Division on the evening of June 5, 1944. Wikipedia. org (all d-day pics)

Troops in an LCVP landing craft approaching "Omaha" Beach on "DDay", 6 June 1944

Survivors of a sunken troop transport wade ashore on Omaha Beach

Allied troops land on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. The terms D-Day and H-Hour are used for the day and hour on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated

Pacific Theatre • Greater East Asia Co • Nanjing (Nanking Prosperity Sphere 1940 Massacre or Rape of 1945: Japan ending Nanking) 1937 (capital imperialism in Asia and of China at the time) liberating its • During this episode, peoples…so it claimed widespread rape and • In reality Japanese war crimes occurred viewed southeast Asia when the Japanese took as a market for over: looting, arson, manufactured goods, murder of civilians and sources of raw prisoners of war materials, and a source of profits from capital investment (imperialism)

Rape of Nanking 1937 • Historians estimate that 20, 000 (and sometimes up to 80, 000) women from as young as seven to the elderly were raped. Rapes were often performed in public during the day, and often in front of spouses or family members. A large number of them were systematized in a process where soldiers would search door to door for young girls, with many women taken captive and then gang-raped, and then killed immediately after rape, often by mutilation. According to testimonies, other women were forced into military prostitution as comfort women. There are even stories of Japanese troops forcing families to commit acts of incest: sons were forced to rape their mothers, fathers were forced to rape daughters. One pregnant woman who was gang-raped by Japanese soldiers gave birth only a few hours later; miraculously, the baby was perfectly healthy (Robert B. Edgerton, Warriors of the Rising Sun). Wikipedia. org

Rape of Nanking 1937 Heaps of dead bodies wait for disposal on the wharves of Hsiakwan (Xiaguan), the port suburb north of Nanking.

Japan and the Pacific • • Japanese viewed their emperor as head of the state and as a God on earth • Allies: General Mac. Arthur – Japan: Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto • Viewed Americans and • Europeans as morally deficient and racist • Battle of Midway June 1942: defeat on Japanese navy from which it could not recover. U. S. intercepted plan of attack and prepared…were waiting for the Japanese (war turning) Battle of Guadalcanal 1942 -43: Japanese wanted to set up bases on islands in southeast Pacific – Allies decided to attack at Guadalcanal due to location-1 st land offensive The Imperial Japanese Navy intended to turn the Solomons Islands into strategic bases and start a program of occupying islands in the chain to build airbases with Guadalcanal being the major base-Allies secured the island in Feb. 1943

Battle of Midway-photos from wikipedia. org Hiryu under B-17 attack.

Battle of Guadalcanal United States Marines rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign Wikipedia. org

U. S. Marines come ashore on Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942

Battle of Iwo Jima

Battle of Iwo Jima U. S. Sixth Fleet during the invasion Japanese 120 mm gun after the battle Marines landing Wikipedia. org

Several M 4 A 3 Sherman tanks equipped with flamethrowers were used to clear Japanese bunkers Wikipedia. org (most pics)

Civilian Populations • By 1945 U. S. obtained bases close enough to Japan to initiate heavy bombing • This culminated in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagaski • Japanese surrendered September 2, 1945 The first nuclear weapons were gravity bombs, such as the "Fat Man" weapon dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. These weapons were very large and could only be delivered by a bomber aircraft. The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the hypocenter

Civilian Populations Germans also used female • • 50% of all deaths came slave labor…Block 24, from noncombatants -50 just beside the main gate million died of Auschwitz, became a • Populations were brothel for German terrorized beyond measure soldiers as well as their during WWII by both best workers Allies and Axis powers • “I consider it necessary to • From WWII emerged provide in the most liberal mass rapes. Soviets used way hard-working sexual violence against prisoners with women in German women and girls brothels. ”– Heinrich as they advanced into Himmler, SS Germany • 1943 Dr. Josef Mengele, • Many of these women an SS physician, arrived at were capture, repeatedly Auschwitz. He conducted rape (sometimes 20 -40 atrocious experiments on times a day) then sent to women, children, twins, work in Russian Gulags infants, and others

Liberation of Death Camps Survivors of Bergen-Belsen walk along the main street of the camp, past a pile of victims' shoes.

Survivors in hospital barracks 2 (for Jews) after liberation. Check out this site: http: //www. pbs. org/auschwitz/40 -45/liberation/

What do we do now? • The big three would decide (U. S. , Great Britain, and Soviet Union) the future of Europe • Met during war to discuss: 1943 -Teheran, 1945 -Yalta, 1945 -Potsdam (governments of Germany and Japan restructured, disarmament, war crime trials) • Germany split between three zones • Japan emperor stepped down and U. S. installed democracy • Nuremberg Trials 1945 -1949: set of trials of officials involved in WWII and the Holocaust. Trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany and the more famous of these was the Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) which tried 24 of the most important/captured leaders of Nazi Germany • The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U. S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT), including the famous Doctors' Trial.

Secret weapons!! • Click the link below and click on interactive to find out about secret weapons used throughout history and WWII and the Cold War! Take the test…can you choose correctly? • http: //www. pbs. org/wnet/secrets/case_um brella/index. html

Cold War • Cold war started over economic restructuring of Europe (Capitalism v Communism) • Eastern European nations under Stalin-feared capitalist markets on his borders • U. S. made military alliance during peacetime due to Soviet threat • U. S. alliances: NATO, SEATO, & CENTO • Soviets: Comecon later in 1955 Warsaw Pact • Cold war politics erupted in the debate over Germany • U. S. wanted to assist in developing industries and capitalism while Soviets wanted to carry on communism • Germany divided into four zones ruled by Allies • Eventually zones broke down between the west. U. S. /British/French and the east-Soviets

Occupation zones of Germany in 1945.

Cold War • In 1953 Stalin died leaving a struggle for power in the Communist party: Nikita Khrushchev became premier in 1958 • He denounced Stalin and many felt reforms were sure to come and began movements in homelands. These were repressed with violence by the Russian military however • East Berlin posed problems for communist rule due to the western portion having better living conditions. Many would immigrate over to the west • In 1961 Soviets responded to this problem by constructing the Berlin Wall. It was heavily policed and violence was used to maintain control • Berlin wall symbolized the divide in during the Cold War • Direct confrontation in Korea between Communist China support North Korea and the U. S. supporting South Korea • After 3 years of warfare, Korea was permanently divided in 1953

Cold War America: U. S. acted • Latin • Middle East: oil • Both Soviets and U. S. fought for oil control • U. S killed leader of Iran and put a puppet government in place • Egypt and Syria looked toward Sovietsnationalized Suez Canal • Creation of the state of Israel in 1948 destabilized Middle East-Western aid to prevent spread of communism with heavyhanded policies…caused anti-Americanism • Erupted in Cuba with the successful communist revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959 • Cuban Missile Crisis 1962: USSR and U. S. threatening war over the existence of missiles in Cuba. . Threat passed when Khrushchev order the dismantling of missile bases