Global Commodity Chains and Labor 1 Outline

Global Commodity Chains and Labor 1

Outline 2 Economic integration of “Greater China” (China-Hong Kong-Taiwan) and China in East Asia Concept of “global commodity chains” Experience of labor in low-wage mfg’ing Actors affecting labor rights

Economic Integration of “Greater China”: A Player in Global Production Chains 3 How did China become a player? enabled by certain political initiatives driven by economic complementarities Geographic proximity Exchange rates Stricter environmental regulations in democratizing Taiwan 1980 s appreciation of New Taiwan Dollar Ex: electro-plating arsenic in ground water Land values increase in Taiwan in 1980 s Upward pressure on wages in Taiwan in 1980 s facilitated by linguistic and cultural affinities Question: Where were the first special economic zones located? Why?

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Economic Integration of “Greater China”: A Player in Global Production Chains 5 Chinese government policies to attract foreign direct investment in export-processing zones strategially located near Hong Kong and Taiwan “Special economic zones” Tax breaks for exporters Duty-free import of inputs Infrastructure development

Origin of Direct Foreign Investment Cumulative 1990 -2004 6

Global Commodity Chain Analysis: Roots in Dependency and World Systems Theory 7 Dependency Core Periphery World Systems Core Semi-periphery Periphery Global commodity chain studies draw on the insights of dependency/world systems theory

Global Production Chains (aka Global Commodity Chains) 8 Distinguish Producer-driven Capital, commodity chains technology intensive Exs: automobiles (GM, Toyota), aircraft (Boeing, Airbus), electrical equipment Core multinational corporations invest directly

Global Commodity Chains 9 Distinguish Buyer-driven commodity chains Labor intensive, low technology Exs: apparel (Gap, Levi), shoes (Geoxx), toys (Brio, Disney) Core corporations own trademarks, engage in subcontracting “Just-in-time” inventory control Very short production lead-times Low barriers to entry in manufacturing High barriers to entry in design and marketing

Global Commodity Chains 10 What functions take place in the Core? Semi-periphery? Periphery?

Where is power located in the buyer-driven commodity chains? location core semi-periphery higher-end mfg’ing trade intermediary for low-end mfg’ing quality control, financing, shipping (middle-man role) direct foreign investment ex: Yuen $$$ periphery 11 function design/marketing orders, contracts ex’s: Reebok, Nike division of profits $$$$$$ low-end mfg’ing (paid by middle-man) ex: Lili (working sister 打妹） Dongguan 2007 wages now ~$3/day $

What is “triangle manufacturing”? 12 Orders from core (US) Products from periphery (China, SE Asia, Latin America) Contracts from semiperiphery (Hong Kong, Taiwan)

Sample industry breakdown 13 75 billion dollar industry 36 billion brands/stores 25 billion transportation logistics 14 billion factory oversees 48% 33% 19%

“Sweatshop Labor” 14 Objective and subjective interpretations Video http: //video. google. com/videosearch? hl=en&q=labor%20 c hina&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv# 5: 20 -10: 33; 20: 11 -24: 00 Why might “sweatshop labor” seem desirable to workers?

Discussion Topic 15 Identify several pro’s and con’s associated with “sweatshop labor. ” This question relates to the debate about whether low-wage labor in export processing industries is “a route out of poverty” or “a race to the bottom”

Competing Theories about Impact of Global Commodity Chains 16 Dependency vs. Neo-liberalism vs. Statism Debate Is low-wage labor in export-processing factories a “route out of poverty”? Driven by market forces (neo-liberal) Does a developmental state promote Labor protection Policies toward higher-tech, higher-wage jobs (statist)? or “race to the bottom”? Driven by multi-national corporations (dependency) Driven by predatory state (statism) Lack labor protection, etc.

Is low-wage labor in export-processing factories a… 17 “route out of poverty”? Higher paying job opportunities for rural surplus labor Labor remittances important source of capital “China Blue” & “Working Sister” Open small business Help pay for sibling education Dowry—more independence in choice of marriage partner

Is low-wage labor in export-processing factories a… route out of poverty”? 18 “Race to the bottom? ” Low or unpaid wages Wages for unskilled workers rising very slowly (in part due to intense competition both locally and internationally), while wages for skilled workers rising dramatically (note: not a level playing field in terms of access to education for children in remote, rural areas) Abusive working conditions

New Developments in Labor Politics: Strikes Hit Honda Parts Factories

Discussion Questions Pun Ngai Friedman and Lee What has improved as a result of corporate codes? What has not improved as a result of corporate codes? Try to identify and list all the of institutions/actors affecting labor conditions, as cited by Ngai. Which institution/actor(s) has the biggest effect on labor conditions? What would Friedman and Lee add in terms of institutions/actors affecting labor conditions? Other questions

Discussion Questions Pun Ngai What has improved as a result of corporate codes? Upgraded factory, dormitory facilities Contracts 1 day off in 7 No labor deposit No holding of id’s What has not improved as a result of corporate codes? Mandatory overtime Below minimum wage Free trade unions

Discussion Questions Pun Ngai Try to identify and list all the of institutions/actors affecting labor conditions, as cited by Ngai. SA 8000 Western (European) transnational corporation Western audit firm Clean Clothes Campaign (Europe)/Worker Rights Consortium (US) Foreign investors Co-owner of China Miracle Chinese factories Taiwanese co-owner of China Miracle Hong Kong owner of China Galaxy Chinese private investor non-governmental, multi-stakeholder organization whose mission is to advance the human rights of workers around the world auditable social certification standards for decent workplaces, based on conventions of the ILO, UN and national laws “works with brands to focus their corporate social responsibility programs on management control of working conditions” China Miracle Garments China Galaxy Apparel Chinese Government (Labor Laws) (local labor bureau tasked with enforcement; who is labor bureau subordinate to? ) Garment industry Federation Trade Union Factory trade union branches

Discussion Questions Pun Ngai Try to identify and list all the of institutions/actors affecting labor conditions, as cited by Ngai. What would Friedman and Lee add? Powerful, fiscally interested local governments Hukou (household registration system) Legal system (arbitration--committees, litigation—courts) New social media Labor NGOs

Discussion Questions Pun Ngai Which actor(s) has the biggest effect on labor conditions?

Publicity over Rash of Suicides Drives Changes at Taiwan-Owned Foxcomm

Actors at Different Levels of Analysis Affecting Labor Rights in China 26 Supranational Level Global Compact World Trade Organization United-Nations-sponsored initiative http: //www. unglobalcompact. org/About. The. GC/The. Ten. Principles/index. html “social clause” failed International Labor Organization China signatories to more conventions than US But Multi-national Corporations “reservations” QUES: What’s a likely Chinese “reservation”? No teeth Corporate Codes of Conduct International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Global Exchange http: //www. globalexchange. org/campaigns/sweatshops/

Actors at Different Levels of Analysis Affecting Labor Rights in China 27 State Level Developed Countries—U. S. example Developing Countries U. S. Department of State U. S. Congress China: Labor Law effective 1994 Organizational Level Unions Other Interest Groups China Labor Watch—Li Qiang http: //www. chinalaborwatch. org/ China Labour Bulletin--Han Dongfang http: //www. clb. org. hk/public/main

Actors at Different Levels of Analysis Affecting Labor Rights in China 28 Individual Level Students Labor Activists Consumers

SLAP campaign wants UW to be sweatshop-free March 7, 2007 29 Senior Rod Palmquist, a representative for SLAP, emphasized the responsibilities of college students in particular to “take ownership of knowing where their clothes come from and that they are ethically made. ” In order to ensure every article of clothing that bears the UW logo has been constructed ethically, SLAP has petitioned the University to adopt the Designated Suppliers Program (DSP), an agreement sponsored by the nationwide United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS). The program aims to secure at least 75 percent of all UW apparel from factories with workers’ rights, including living wages (salaries high enough to support the standards of living depending upon the country) and the right to unionize. Contracts with collegiate apparel generate huge profits for athletic apparel companies such as Nike and Reebok, Palmquist said.

The Seattle Times November 17, 2000 UW to join Worker Rights Consortium University will continue to monitor groups' involvement in issues related to sweatshops “The University of Washington will join the Worker Rights Consortium, despite earlier concerns about the fledgling anti-sweatshop group's refusal to allow garment -industry representatives on its policy-making board. “The school also will maintain its affiliation with the Fair Labor Association, a U. S. Department of Labor program that has been criticized by student activists for including corporate partners such as Reebok, Eddie Bauer, Nike, and Kathie Lee Gifford. 30

Wal-Mart Wins Ruling on Foreign Labor December 19, 2006 “Wal-Mart Stores cannot be held liable under United States law for labor conditions at some of its overseas suppliers, a federal judge has ruled. A complaint filed last year in Los Angeles by the International Labor Rights Fund contended that employees of Wal-Mart suppliers in China, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Swaziland Nicaragua were forced to work overtime without pay and in some cases were fired because they tried to organize unions. The complaint said that the contracts required suppliers in the five countries to comply with local labor standards and that what the plaintiffs deemed the company's failure to enforce those terms meant the employees were working under ''sweatshop'' conditions. ''This is basically a local wage and hours violations case and should be handled in those countries, '' said Beth Keck, a spokeswoman for Wal-Mart. ''It is very inappropriate that Wal-Mart should be made part of this. '' 31

China Drafts Law to Empower Unions and End Labor Abuse, October 13, 2006 “China is planning to adopt a new law that seeks to crack down on sweatshops and protect workers' rights by giving labor unions real power for the first time since it introduced market forces in the 1980's. The Chinese government proposal, for example, would make it more difficult to lay off workers, a condition that some companies contend would be so onerous that they might slow their investments in China. The skirmish has pitted the American Chamber of Commerce -- which represents corporations including Dell, Ford, General Electric, Microsoft and Nike -- against labor activists and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Communist Party's official union organization. On Friday, Global Labor Strategies, a group that supports labor rights policies, is expected to release a report in New York and Boston denouncing American 32 corporations for opposing legislation that would give Chinese workers stronger rights.

Who is responsible for sweatshop conditions? 33 Multinational corporation based in the core? Do corporate codes of conduct exist? Enforced? Pressure on price, delivery schedule, etc. Subcontracting middle man who owns/manages the factory in the periphery? Subvert codes of conduct? Government where the factory is located? Enforce local laws? China’s Labor Law passed 1994 Note: independent trade unions--illegal Consumers based in the core? We are what we wear?