GIS in Natural Resources and Agriculture GIS Centroid

GIS in Natural Resources and Agriculture GIS Centroid Seminar Colorado State University — October 17, 2014 Premise: While Natural Resources and Agriculture have significant differences in their respective motivations, goals, decision environments, and technological approaches, advanced Map Analysis and GIS Modeling applications are bridging these differences. This Power. Point with notes and online links to further reading is posted at www. innovativegis. com/basis/Present/Centroid. CSU 2014/ Presented by Joseph K. Berry Principal, Berry & Associates // Spatial Information Systems Adjunct Faculty in Geosciences, Department of Geography, University of Denver Adjunct Faculty in Natural Resources, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University Email: jberry@innovativegis. com — Website: www. innovativegis. com/basis

Mapping vs. Analyzing (Processing Mapped Data …review from “Future Directions” seminar) …GIS is a Technological Tool involving — −Mapping that creates a spatial representation of an area −Display that generates visual renderings of a mapped area −Geo-query that searches for map locations having a specified classification, condition or characteristic …and an Analytical Tool involving — −Spatial Mathematics that applies scalar mathematical formulae to account for geometric positioning, scaling, measurement and transformations of mapped data −Spatial Analysis that investigates the contextual relationships within and among mapped data layers −Spatial Statistics that investigates the numerical relationships within and among mapped data layers “Analyze” “Map” (Descriptive Mapping) Geographic Information Systems (Prescriptive Modeling) (map and analyze) Remote Sensing Global Positioning System (locate and navigate) (Biotechnology) GPS/GIS/RS (measure and classify) (Nanotechnology) (Berry)

A Mathematical Structure for Map Analysis/Modeling (…review from “Future Directions” seminar) Technological Tool Mapping/Geo-Query Geotechnology RS – GIS – GPS (Discrete, Spatial Objects) Analytical Tool (Continuous, Map Surfaces) Map Analysis/Modeling Geo-registered Analysis Frame Matrix Map Stack “Map-ematics” of Numbers Maps as Data, not Pictures Vector & Raster — Aggregated & Disaggregated Qualitative & Quantitative …organized set of numbers Grid-based Spatial Analysis Operations Map Analysis Toolbox Spatial Statistics Operations Spatial. STEM A Map-ematical Framework Traditional math/stat procedures can be extended into geographic space to support Quantitative Analysis of Mapped Data “…thinking analytically with maps” Arc. GIS Spatial Analyst operations …over 170 individual “tools” www. innovativegis. com/basis/Beyond. Mapping. Series/ , Book IV, Topic 9 for more discussion (Berry)

Comparing Natural Resources and Agriculture (a GIS perspective) “Technical Tool” (Descriptive “Where is What”) vs. Analytical if”) Tool (Prescriptive “Why, So What and What Map Stack (geo-registered) Geo-registered Analysis Frame Mapping/Geo-Query Matrix (Discrete Spatial Objects) Map Analysis/Modeling (Continuous Map Surfaces) of Numbers …organized set of numbers Spatial Analysis Spatial Statistics Spatial Analysis extends the basic set of discrete map Spatial Statistics seeks to map the variation in a data features (points, lines and polygons) to map surfaces that represent continuous geographic space (matrix), thereby providing a Mathematical Framework for investigating Framework set instead of focusing on a single typical response (central tendency), thereby providing a Statistical Framework for investigating the Framework Contextual Spatial Relationships within and among grid map layers Numerical Spatial Relationships within and among grid map layers Natural Resources Agriculture Mapping/Geo-query Terrain Analysis Variable-width Buffers Emergency Response Visual Exposure Shape/Patterns Consensus Building : Navigation Yield Mapping Nutrient Surfaces Prescription Map Spatial T-test Clustering Regression : Relative Positioning Spatial Coincidence within map variables among map variables (Berry)

Spatial Analysis Operations (Math Examples …review from “Future Directions” seminar) The Spatial Derivative identifies the localized inclination (slope) and orientation (aspect) at every grid cell on a map surface. Spatial Analyst commands Slope and Aspect. Advanced Grid Math applies mathematical operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide, power, log, cosine, Boolean AND, Bitwise AND, etc. ). Spatial Analyst commands Math and Map Algebra toolsets. The Spatial Integral calculates the volume (or other statistical summary) for an area. Spatial Analyst Zonal Statistics commands. Video of “Future Directions in Map Analysis and Modeling” seminar can be viewed at https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YA-m. Gpc 20 vc (Berry)

Spatial Analysis Operations (Distance Examples …review from “Future Directions” seminar) Distance, Proximity and Movement Distance identifies “shortest straight line between two points”; Proximity relaxes 2 P (S, SL, 2 P) Movement relaxes SL (S, SL, 2 P) considering intervening absolute and relative barriers. Spatial Analyst commands Euclidean Distance and Cost Distance. Optimal Path identifies the “shortest not-necessary-straight route”. Spatial Analyst command Cost Path. Visual Connectivity identifies cells visually connected to an observer location (Viewshed) or the number of cells (Visual Exposure). Spatial Analyst command Viewshed. Video of “Future Directions in Map Analysis and Modeling” seminar can be viewed at https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YA-m. Gpc 20 vc (Berry)

Spatial Analysis Operations (Travel-time Surface backcountry emergency response) Movement …around and through absolute and relative barriers (click) …animated time steps in construction of a Travel-time Surface (accumulated movement) Least Cost Path (optimal movement) (Berry)

Wildfire Risk/Behavior Modeling (Example of an advanced NR application) Wildfire Risk Modeling …Wildfire Risk integrates numerous map layers such as weather factors, historical fire occurrence, surface and canopy fuels, terrain, and suppression effectiveness. Economic Impact of wildfire is based on probability/intensity of a wildfire (Risk) times assessor data (Value). Risk Value Wildfire Risk Rebuild Value Risk times $Value = $Exposure The consequences of wildfires have never been greater as more people move into wildfire-prone areas. There is an increasing need for wildfire risk assessment, fuel treatments, mitigation planning, prevention awareness, wildfire behavior modeling, real-time suppression response and recovery preparedness to reduce risk and impacts to communities and sensitive areas. After Scott, Pyrologix ; Buckley and Ramirez, Tecnosylva Wildfire Behavior Modeling Fire ignites and moves SW …analysis of Wildfire Spread and Behavior, integrates current weather, fuel characteristics, and topography. Simulation results are in real time, providing capabilities to adjust simulations with observed data and proposed suppression activities. (Berry)

Comparing Natural Resources and Agriculture (a GIS perspective)

Spatial Statistics (Linking Data Space with Geographic Space …review from “Future Directions” seminar) Traditional Statistics fits a Standard Normal Curve (2 D density function) to identify the typical value in a data set (Mean) and its typical variation (Standard Deviation) in abstract data space. Surface Modeling uses Spatial Interpolation to fit a continuous surface (3 D density function) that maps the spatial distribution (variation) in geographic space. Spatial Analyst IDW, Kriging, Spline and Natural Neighbors commands. Unusually High Locations are identified as locations greater than the Mean plus one Standard Deviation (upper tail). Spatial Analyst Reclass command. Video of “Future Directions in Map Analysis and Modeling” seminar can be viewed at https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YA-m. Gpc 20 vc (Berry)

Spatial Statistics Operations (Data Mining Examples …review from “Future Directions” seminar) Data Space plots pairs of spatially coincident data values (2 D scatter plot) in abstract data space to identify data pairing relationships (e. g. , low-low, …, high-high) but can be expanded to tuples in n-dimensional space. Clustering uses the Pythagorean Theorem in calculating Data Distance between data parings to quantitatively establish Clusters (groupings with minimal inter-cluster distances). Spatial Analyst Iso Cluster command. A Correlation Map is generated by repetitive evaluation of the Correlation Equation within a Roving Window of nearby data pairings. Spatial Analyst dropped Correlation AML command. 2 D Video of “Future Directions in Map Analysis and Modeling” seminar can be viewed at https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YA-m. Gpc 20 vc (Berry)

Visualizing Spatial Relationships Interpolated Spatial Distribution Continuous Grid-Map Surfaces (Data Layers) of soil nutrient concentrations Phosphorous (P) Multivariate Coincidence What spatial relationships do you see? …do relatively high levels of P often occur with high levels of K and N? …how often? …where? Humans can only “see” broad Generalized Patterns in a single map variable (Map Stack) (Berry)

Clustering Maps for Data Zones …but computers can “see” detailed numeric patterns in multiple map variables using Data Space Note: can be expanded to N-dimensional Data Space Data Distance = SQRT (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )+ …) Data Distance = SQRT (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 Geographic Space 3 D Data Space Distance calculated using the Pythagorean Theorem …groups of relatively close “floating balls” in data space identify locations in the field with similar data patterns– Data Zones (Data Clusters) …the Iso. Data algorithm minimizes Intra-Cluster distances (within a cluster— similar) while at the same time maximizing Inter-Cluster distances (between clusters— different) (Berry)

The Precision Ag Process As a combine moves through a field it… 1) uses GPS to check its location every second then Steps 1– 3) 2) records the yield monitor value at that location to 3) create a continuous Yield Map surface identifying the variation in crop yield every few feet throughout the field (dependent map variable). Step 5) Prescription Map On-the-Fly “As-applied” maps Yield Map Zone 3 4) …soil samples are interpolated for continuous Nutrient Map surfaces. Intelligent Implements Step 6) Step 4) Derived Soil Nutrient Maps Zone 2 Zone 1 Variable Rate Application 5) The yield map is analyzed in combination with soil nutrient maps, terrain and other mapped factors (independent map variables) to derive a Prescription Map… 6) …that is used to adjust fertilization levels applied every few feet in the field (If then ). …more generally termed the Spatial Data Mining Process (e. g. , Geo-Business application) (Berry)

Precision Conservation (compared to Precision Ag) Precision Conservation …intertwined disciplines (Landscape Focus) Precision Ag Wind Erosion (Individual Field Focus) Chemicals Coincidence 2 -dimensional Soil Erosion Runoff Terrain Leaching Soils Yield 3 -dimensional Potassium CIR Image Isolated Perspective Interconnected Perspective (Production Emphasis) (Stewardship Emphasis) https: //www. sensorsandsystems. com/article/features/5662 -precision-agricultures-success-yields-precision-conservation. html (Berry)

Deriving Erosion Potential (Common Ground Example …terrain modeling) Erosion Potential Potentia 33 = Heavy, Steep= High : 11 = Light, Gentle= Low fn(S, F) Slopemap Slope_classes Flowmap Erosion_potential Erosion_potenti Flow_classes Streams Derived Maps of Slope and surface Flow Erosion Buffers Simple approach tor protecting the stream But all buffer-feet are not the same… Need to reach farther under some conditions and not as far under others— common sense? Simple Buffer – fixed geographic reach Surface Flows fn(S, F) Elevation Slopemap Flowmap Distance away from the streams is a function of the erosion potential (Flow/Slope Class) with intervening heavy flow and steep slopes computed as effectively closer than simple distance— as the crow walks” Variable-width Buffer (Landscape Level) On/Off-Field Flows (Field Level) The combined map identifies where surface flows likely move/deposit Locations materials (e. g. , organic, fine particles, chemicals) within a field. with a lot of movement at the edge of a field are identified as potential problem areas. Surface_flows (Berry)

Water Conservation Modeling (Conservation = “wise use”) Drought Monitor 100 th Meridian March 2014 Water Rights City Historic Crop Water Allocation Alternative Water Budget Crop Water Allocation Crops “First in time, First in Right” Farm Sell or Lease Purchase Water Rights Farm Income “Buy and Dry” Abnormally Dry Exceptional Drought City Water “Win-Win” To River Temporary Monitored Transfers Farmland To River Farmland Wireless Connectivity Weather Station Landsat Satellite Images Off-Farm Data Collection Auto-Flume Adjustment Weather Station Solar Irradiance Evapotranspiration Monitors Fully Irrigated Tree Crop under Drip Irrigation Deficit Irrigated Crop under Center Pivot Sprinkler Low Altitude Aerial Photos Soil Moisture Probes Fallowed Field Full Irrigation Deficit Irrigation On-Farm Instrumentation Fully Irrigated Vegetables under Drip Irrigation Management Actions New/Expanded Data Collection /Instrumentation: www. regenmg. com/Home. aspx Sustainable Water and Innovative Irrigation Management (SWIIM) Remote Sensing Weather/Climate Water Flow Evapotranspiration Soil Moisture (Berry)

Upshot (NR compared to Ag from a GIS perspective) Historical Setting: NR was an early adopter of geospatial technology as a direct outgrowth of its long and extensive On the mapping/inventory legacy for automated cartography and geoquery of an extended resource base. other hand, Ag had little use for mapping and spatially detailed inventories. Contemporary GIS Applications and Approaches: The bulk of GIS applications for both NR and Ag applications involve Technological Tools utilizing mapping, geo-query and display for NR and GPS navigation, implement control and data collection for Ag. However… — Ag’s analytical applications currently tend to focus on stewardship and economics at the individual field level utilizing Spatial Statistics operations (numerical context; spatial coincidence) for analysis of spatial relationships among factors affecting crop production and management actions. — NR’s analytical applications currently tend to focus more on ecology and environmental impacts at the landscape level utilizing Spatial Analysis operations (geographical context; relative position) for analysis of spatial relationships among factors affecting ecosystem conditions and management actions. Future Directions: With increasing understanding of Map Analysis and GIS Modeling capabilities and spatial reasoning skills both disciplines will be Pushed/Pulled closer together… ― NR will incorporate more quantitative analysis of mapped data (Spatial Statistics) in its science, and — Ag will adopt a more ecological perspective focusing on the cycles and movements of soil and water (Spatial Analysis). (Berry)

So Where to Head from Here? Website (www. innovativegis. com) Online Materials (www. innovativegis. com/Basis/Courses/Spatial. STEM/) For more papers and presentations on Geotechnology ) www. innovativegis. com This Power. Point with notes and online links to further reading is posted at www. innovativegis. com/basis/Present/Centroid. CSU 2014/ Beyond Mapping Compilation Series …nearly 1000 pages and more than 750 figures in the Series provide a comprehensive and longitudinal perspective of the underlying concepts, considerations, issues and evolutionary development of modern geotechnology (RS, GIS, GPS). e. Mail Contact Joseph K. Berry jberry@innovativegis. com