GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM Unit VA AP United States

GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM Unit VA AP United States History

American Industrial Expansion ► With the completion of Manifest Destiny throughout continental U. S. , the nation encompassed near-perfect elements for massive industrialization and economic expansion ► Economic Resources § Land ► Abundance and discovery of vast deposits of coal, iron ore, copper, timber, oil, gold, silver, agricultural § Labor ► Cheap wages, immigration, population growth § Capital ► Industrial capitalism and finance capitalism ► Federal subsidies and land sales ► Second Industrial Revolution and technological innovation § Entrepreneurial Ability ► Captains of Industry/Robber Barons

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons ► Using four business entrepreneurs as case studies for American innovation, industrial growth, and expansion of capitalism. ► Cornelius Vanderbilt ► Andrew Carnegie ► John D. Rockefeller ► J. P. Morgan

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons: Cornelius Vanderbilt and Railroads Acquired his wealth in steamships and expanded into railroads in 1860 s ► Revamped northeast railroads through consolidation and standardization ► § New York Central Railroad § Regional railway system from New York to Chicago § Replaced and built lines with standard gauges ► Implementation of steel § Stronger to carry heavier loads § Safer due to no corrosion ► Vanderbilt University

Railroads Drive the Economy ► Growth and Influence § 35, 000 miles (1865) to 200, 000 miles (1900) § First Transcontinental Railroad (1869) ► Leland Stanford’s Union Pacific and Central Pacific meet at Promontory Summit, UT § Market connections, boomtowns, and jobs ► Federal Government Involvement § Pacific Railway Acts ► Land grants and government bonds to railroad companies ► Requirement of standardized gauges § By 1871, federal and state governments sold 300, 000 acres of land to railroads ► Innovation and Improvement § § Standardized gauges Westinghouse air brakes Steel Time zones

The Business of Railroads ► Rate Wars § Competition among railroad companies was fierce and intense § Stronger companies lowered rates to drive out weaker companies Led to monopolies ► Increased rates dramatically ► ► Long haul and short haul rates § Price discrimination favored commercial farmers over small farmers ► Stock watering/watered stock § Inflated stocks led to higher consumer rates ► Pools § Competing lines fixed prices and divided business for max profits ► Grange Lines § Midwest farmers dependent on rail lines for shipping § High freight rates impoverished farmers

Commercial Farming ► Agriculture became commercialized on cash crops for national and international markets § Influx of Eastern capital and investment § From subsistence to market/stores § Pushed out local/small farmers ► Competition, deflated currency, and overproduction lowered prices while input costs increased ► “Middle Men” § Farmers lost massive share of profits to managers of their sales § Grain elevator and railroad companies charged expensive rents and transportation costs

The Farmers Organize ► Fueled by the Granger Movement § Granger laws ► Munn v. Illinois (1877) § States could regulate private companies if they served the public interest, I. e. grain elevators, railroads ► Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) § States could not regulate interstate commerce ► Interstate Commerce Act (1886) § Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) § Enforce fair railway rates, prohibit discriminatory practices by railroads ► National Alliance and the Ocala Platform (1890) § Unity against corporations and monopolies § Favored direct election of Senators, lower tariffs, graduated income tax, federal banking system § Evolves into People’s Party (Populists) and Omaha Platform (1892)

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons: Andrew Carnegie and Steel ► Managed Pennsylvania Railroad and invested in various industries ► Steel § Bessemer Process ► Vertical Integration ► Urbanization and Cities ► Labor Unions and Strikes

Bessemer Process ► Oxidation of iron ore to remove impurities § Steel is lighter, stronger, rust-resistant ► Carnegie and Steel § Adopted and adapted Bessemer Process to steel plants § Increased supply of quality steel dropped steel prices § Abundance of steel significantly impacted American industrial growth and expansion

Steel Production

Vertical Integration ► Carnegie acquired all aspects of steel production ► Limited competition, maximized profits, lowered prices

Steel and Cities ► Buildings § Skyscrapers ► Steel ► beams Infrastructure § Railroads § Bridges ► Brooklyn ► Bridge Urban Innovation § Mass Transit ► Elevated rails ► Subways § Elevators § Central steam-heating systems

Home Insurance Building Chicago 1885 Flatiron Building/Fuller Building New York 1902

Gilded Age Urbanization ► Urbanization § Population increasingly moving to cities ► Mechanization of agriculture ► Economic opportunities with increased industrialization § Increased infrastructure ► Streetcars, bridges, subways ► Skyscrapers, elevators, radiators § City Layouts ► Business centers ► Older sections § Immigration and minorities ► Suburbs § Middle and upper class moved outside of cities to escape urbanization § Urban reform developments

Urban Problems ► Overcrowding § Tenement Living ► Pollution ► Crime ► Sanitation/Water Treatment ► Disease

Urban and Social Reforms Municipal services ► Social Gospel ► § Apply Christian values toward social problems and issues § Josiah Strong, Walter Rauschenbusch, Richard T. Ely ► Settlement Houses § Jane Addams and Hull House § YMCA § Salvation Army ► Social Criticism § Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives (1889) § Henry George - Progress and Poverty (1879)

Working Conditions Typical 12 hour days, 6 days a week ► Conditions ► § Poor ventilation and heavy equipment § In 1882, average of 675 workers killed each week § Injured = fired No benefits, such as vacation days, sick leave, health insurance, workers’ compensation, pensions ► Women ► § Earned half of what men earned in comparable or same jobs ► Child Labor § As young as 5 years old § 12 -14 hours for $. 27 ($6. 65)

Unions vs. Management Industrialization, mass production, use of semiskilled workers = devalued labor ► Poor and dangerous working conditions, immigrants, and meager salaries = upset workforce ► Organized labor to appeal for better conditions, higher salaries, benefits ► Union Methods: political action and efficacy, strikes, picketing, boycotts, slowdowns ► Industrialization, mass production, use of semiskilled workers = increased profits ► Poor and dangerous working conditions, immigrants, and meager salaries = increasing profits and satisfied management ► Developed image of unions and organized labor as un-American, socialist, anarchist ► Management Methods: lockouts, scabs, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, government/private force, court injunctions ►

National Labor Union (NLU) Founded in 1866 as the first national labor union ► Platform ► § 8 -hour workday § Monetary reform, cooperatives § Racial and gender equality ► Impact § 8 -hour workday for federal employees ► Decline § Panic of 1873 § Knights of Labor

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 ► ► July 14 -September 4, 1877 Causes § Panic of 1873 § Class conflict with wage cuts and unemployment ► Events § Strikers forced rail stoppages § Federal troops engaged strikers § Riots and massacres ► Impact § Would lead to better organization of workers and labor unions § Legislation to limit unions and preparations for potential conflicts

Knights of Labor Founded in 1869 ► Terence V. Powderley ► § Claimed over a million workers by 1880 s ► Platform § Open to blacks, women, most immigrants, Catholics, unskilled and semi-skilled workers § Cooperatives and anti-trusts § 8 -hour workday, child labor laws § Preferred arbitration over strikes ► Decline § Haymarket Bombing § AFL

Haymarket Riot of 1886 ► May Day (May 1 st) § Strike begins of harvesting workers ► May 3 rd § Police sent to protect strikers § Fight broke out and one person killed and several injured ► May 4 th Protest § Anarchists planned demonstration against police brutality § Police dispersed crowd of 2, 000 ► Bombing § A pipe bomb exploded and killed 7 police officers § Police fired into crowd killing 4 ► Trial § 8 innocent anarchists convicted of murder in a show trial § 4 hanged, 1 committed suicide, 3 pardoned by governor

American Federation of Labor (AFL) Founded in 1886 as an organization of national craft unions of skilled workers ► Samuel Gompers ► “Bread and Butter” Unionism ► § Higher wages § Shorter working hours § Better working conditions ► Tactics § Used arbitration and strikes § Avoided political radicalism and extremism

Homestead Strike June 30 -July 6, 1892 ► Henry Frick ► § Manager of Carnegie Steel § Pursued wage cuts due to lower steel prices § Attempted to weaken steel workers union ► Events § Frick orders a lockout and hires scabs § Use of Pinkertons to disperse strikers § State militia broke the strike and took over the plant ► Impact § Weakened steel workers union § Tarnished Carnegie’s reputation

Pullman Strike (1894) ► Pullman Palace Car Company § Established “model town” for workers § In response to Panic of 1893, wages cut but not rents and town costs ► Eugene V. Debs § Led strike with American Railway Union ► Strike § Workers blocked transport of Pullman cars § Pullman Co. linked them to mail cars § President Grover Cleveland deployed federal troops and court injunctions to enforce postal service ► Opinion § Most Americans opposed the strike ► ► Included AFL and Samuel Gompers In Re Debs (1895) § Supreme Court ruled federal court injunctions to enforce interstate commerce constitutional

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons: John D. Rockefeller and Oil ► Horizontal Integration ► Standard Oil § Trusts and monopolies ► Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) ► Gilded Age Society ► Social Darwinism ► Gospel of Wealth

Standard Oil Rockefeller established Standard Oil in 1870 ► Uses for Oil ► § Kerosene lamps § Fuel for railroads Used vertical integration to control oil industry then horizontal integration to control oil market ► Eventually controlled 95% of oil refining ►

Horizontal Integration

Robber Barons and Trusts ► Tactics of Standard Oil § Lowered prices to drive out competitors § Threatened companies to sell to Standard Oil (buyouts) § Bribed railroads to buy Standard Oil fuel (rebates, kickbacks) § Bribed Congress members ► Standard Oil Trust § Stockholders’ shares traded for trust certificates § Board of Trustees controlled and administered companies as a whole § Shareholders earned dividends based on overall profits ► Monopolies § Controls prices § Limits competition § Pressure on other services to provide discounts and rebates

Bosses of the Senate

Antitrust Movement ► Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) § Prohibits any “contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce” ► United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895) § Sugar refining monopoly tested Sherman Antitrust Act § Regulation applied to commerce and not manufacturing

Scientific Management “Taylorism” ► Frederick W. Taylor ► Scientific management used to match labor with production demand ► Designed hierarchies ► Subdivisions of labor ► Time management ► Effects § Managerial class § Efficiency ► Increased factory production ► Lowered labor costs

Gilded Age Socioeconomics ► Socioeconomic gap extensively widened § By 1890 s, 10% of Americans controlled 90% of the nation’s wealth § Standard of living for upper class and middle class improved dramatically § Poor working class suffered in urban centers 2/3 of population were wage earners ► Expansion of middle class/white-collar workers ► § Due to growth of managers/administrators/expert s in businesses ► Iron law of wages § Supply and demand determined wages, not the consideration of workers’ welfare

Gilded Age Women ► 20% of American women worked as wage earners § Most single women; 5% married § Low-income families required women in workplace ► Female-based Jobs § Typical home-associated industries: textiles, foods, domestic servants § New types of jobs: secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, communication operators § Women and feminized jobs considered low status and low salaries ► Gibson Girl § Iconic image of women as independent, stylish, and working § Led to women to seek new types of jobs

Women’s Suffrage ► National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1890) § Merger of NWSA and AWSA § Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony § Gave way to leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt ► Western States § Wyoming granted full suffrage in 1869

Gilded Age Families ► Stronger nuclear families ► Birth rates and family size rates decreased § Children as economic liability in urban areas ► Divorce rates increased § 1 in 12 by 1900

Immigration ► Population § 16. 2 million immigrants between 1850 -1900 § 8. 8 million during 19011910 ► Pushes § Mechanization removing jobs, esp. in rural areas § Overpopulation § Persecution ► Pulls § Political and economic freedoms and opportunities ► Old Immigrants § Northern and Western Europe ► New Immigrants § Southern and Eastern Europe; Asia § Catholics, Jews

Immigrant Issues ► Sociopolitical Enemies § Nativists § Josiah Strong - Our Country ► Legislation § Page Act of 1875 ► Forbade forced labor Asians, prostitutes, convicts § Immigration Acts of 1882, 1891 ► $0. 50 tax ► Forbid convicts, lunatics, idiots, diseased, disabled § Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) ► Chinese immigration ban for 10 years ► Chinese prevented from becoming citizens § United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) ► All people born in U. S. are citizens ► Political Machines § Employment, housing, social services for votes ► Ethnic Neighborhoods § Little Italy § Chinatown

Ellis Island “…Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore…” Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus, 1883

Laissez-Faire and Social Darwinism ► Laissez-Faire Economics § Economy driven by the “invisible hand” of market forces (supply and demand) § Government should refrain from regulation or interference ► Social Darwinism § Herbert Spencer ► “Survival of the fittest” ► Wealth a result of hard work and brilliance ► Poor and unfortunate were lazy § William Graham Sumner ► Absolute freedom to struggle, succeed, or fail ► State intervention is futile ► Gospel of Wealth § Andrew Carnegie § Guardians of the nation’s wealth § “All revenue generated beyond your own needs should be used for the good of the community. ”

Horatio Alger Myth ► “Rags to riches” stories § Young American men, through hard work and virtue, will succeed § Also used a supporting wealthy philanthropic character ► Seemingly propaganda of the American Dream under free enterprise and capitalism

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons: J. P. Morgan and Electricity ► Banking and Financing ► Science and Innovation ► Corporations ► Consumerism ► American Culture

Morganization ► J. P. Morgan and Co. § Financial capital and investment § Directly and indirectly pursued inventions and innovations ► Mergers and Consolidations § Railroad industry ► Interlocking directorates § Corporate board of directors sitting on boards of multiple corporations

Electricity ► Thomas Edison § The Wizard of Menlo Park § Incandescent light bulb ► Safer than kerosene lamps ► New York City § Direct current (DC) ► Edison developed system of power stations ► Nicola Tesla § Alternate current (AC) ► Transfer farther of electricity faster and

Gilded Age Innovation ► ► ► Sewing Machine (1855) § Isaac Singer Transatlantic cable (1866) § Cyrus Field Dynamite (1866) § Alfred Nobel Typewriter (1867) § Christopher Scholes Air brakes (1868) § George Westinghouse Mail-order catalog (1872) § A. M. Ward Blue jeans (1873) § Levi Strauss Barbed wire (1873) § Joseph Glidden Telephone (1876) § Alexander Graham Bell* Phonograph (1877) § Thomas Edison Light bulb (1879) § Thomas Edison* Cash register (1879) § James Ritty ► ► ► Universal stock ticker (1885) § Thomas Edison Transformer (1885) § Nikola Tesla Gasoline automobile (1885) § Karl F. Benz Skyscraper (1885) § William Le Baron Jenney Film roll and Kodak camera (1889) § George Eastman* Motion picture camera (1891) § Thomas Edison* Radio (1895) § Guglielmo Marconi Subway (U. S. ) (1895) X-ray (1895) § Wilhelm C. Rontgen Powered flight (1903) § George and Wilbur Wright Alkaline battery (1906) § Thomas Edison Model T (1908) § Henry Ford

Monumental Innovation ► Charles Alderton § Experimented with various syrups and flavorings ► Robert Lazenby § Developed Dr. Pepper by 1885 § Patented and incorporated by 1891 ► St. Louis World’s Fair and Exposition (1904) § Introduces Dr. Pepper to the world § Along with hot dogs, hamburgers, and ice cream cones

Number of Patents Issued

Corporations ► American Telephone and Telegraph Co. (1885) § J. P. Morgan Co. financed merger of Bell and communication companies ► General Electric (1892) § J. P. Morgan merged Edison General Electric and Thomas-Houston Electric Company ► U. S. Steel (1901) § J. P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel and merged with other steel companies § Becomes first billion dollar company in world

Corporate Mergers - 1895 -1910

Consumerism ► Wide variety of mass produced goods led to new marketing and sales ► Brand names and logos ► Department stores § R. H. Macy’s ► Chain stores § Woolworth’s ► Grocery stores ► Mail order catalogs § Montgomery Ward § Sears, Roebuck, Co.

Henry Ford and Model T ► Assembly Line § Mass production of products through sequential assembly ► Worker Treatment § Paid decent wages § Provided benefits ► Model T (1908) § Low-cost product for affordable price

Gilded Age Religion ► American Christians focused values toward consequences of industrialization and urbanization § Social Gospel ► Increases § Catholics, Jews ► New Christian Sects § Christian Science ► Spiritual life over material § Pentecostals ► Baptism tongues in spirit; speaking in § Salvation Army § Jehovah’s Witnesses ► Millenialist

Temperance and Reform Alcohol and vices blamed for urban problems ► Regulating Morality ► § Comstock Law (1873) ► Temperance Organizations § National Prohibition Party (1869) § Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (1874) ► Frances E. Willard § Antisaloon League (1893) § Carrie Nation ► “Hatchetations” ► Reform Groups § Planned parenthood § Humane societies § Anti-prostitution

Gilded Age Academics ► Educational Reforms § Compulsory Education ► Most states required 8 -14 year olds to attend schools § Kindergartens § Public Education ► Dramatic increase in high schools and adult education ► Comprehensive education ► Led to 90% literacy rate § Colleges and Universities ► Increased through federal legislation and philanthropy ► Science § Darwin and Natural Selection (Evolution) § Technological Innovation ► Social Sciences § Scientific method applied to behavioral sciences § Development of psychology, sociology, political science ► William James’s Principles of Psychology

Gilded Age Entertainment and Leisure ► Causes § Urbanization, less working hours, advertisements ► Vaudevilles § Popularized with family-friendly subjects and material Saloons ► Amusement Parks ► § Coney Island ► Circus § P. T. Barnum ► Sports § Spectator ► Baseball, boxing, football, basketball § Amateur ► Golf, tennis

Realism and Naturalism ► Realism § Objective reality § Depict accurate and true characters and settings § Absent of emotional embellishment ► Naturalism § Depiction of objects in natural settings § Time and place accuracy Brooklyn Bridge at Night Edward Willis Redfield 1909

Gilded Age Art ► Ashcan School § Depiction of New York City urban life § George Bellows ► James M. Whistler ► Winslow Homer ► Mary Cassatt Both Members of This Club George Bellows 1909

Winslow Homer’s Breezing Up

George Bellow’s New York

James Whistler’s Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1 (Whistler’s Mother) (1871)

Mary Cassat’s The Child’s Bath (1893)

Gilded Age Architecture ► Victorian Influence § Henry Hobson Richardson ► Louis Sullivan § “Father of Skyscrapers” § “form follows function” ► Frank Lloyd Wright § “organic architecture” ► Foursquare Homes

Richardson’s Trinity Church

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater

Foursquare Home

Gilded Age Press and Literature ► Press § Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World & William Randolph Hearst ► Sensationalism and scandals § Magazines ► Editorial style based on investigative journalism ► Forum ► Non-Fiction § Toward facts, investigations, American expansion § Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor (1881) § Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power on History (1890) § Josiah Strong’s Our Country ► Literature § Authors focused on character development and realism over plot § Lewis Wallace ► Ben-Hur: A Tale of Christ § Mark Twain ► The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ► The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today § Stephen Crane ► The Red Badge of Courage § Jack London ► The Call of the Wild; White Fang

Gilded Age Music ► Mainstream Music § John Philip Sousa – The March King ► The Washington Post ► Stars and Stripes Forever ► Semper Fidelis § Screamers – Circus Marches ► Entry of the ► Circus Bee ► Gladiators Popular Music § Ragtime ► Originated from black communities combining African syncopation and classical music ► Scott Joplin § Maple Leaf Rag § The Entertainer § The Blues ► Originated c. 1890 from Deep South based on ballads among slaves ► Lyrics mostly soulful and melancholy