GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM The

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

The official name of the country we usually call England occasionally Great Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NOTHERN IRELAND

Geographical position The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of 2 large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about 5000 small islands. English Channel. The western rish by the North Sea and the The I from the European continent Sea The British Isles are separated coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. is ngl he E t el ann h Ch

SYMBOLS

Symbols the symbol of England is the red rose the symbol of Wales is the daffodil the symbol of Scotland is the thistle The symbol of Nothern Ireland is the shamrock

• The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state consisting of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland Wales. • Now reigning monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, a descendant of the Saxon king Egbert.

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe.

London • London is the capital of England the United Kingdom (UK). It is Britain's largest and most populous metropolitan area.

Scotland • Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.

Edinburgh • Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland. It is the second largest city in Scotland the seventh-most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas.

Wales • Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west.

Cardiff • Cardiff is the capital, largest city and most populous county of Wales. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales.

Northern Ireland • Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the northeast of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west.

Belfast • Belfast is the capital of and the largest city in Northern Ireland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom, but at the same time, located on the Island of Ireland. It is the seat of devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. It is the largest urban area in Northern Ireland, the second-largest city on the island of Ireland the 15 th-largest city in the United Kingdom.

Britain is comparatively small, but there is hardly a country, in the world where such a variety of scenery can be found. There are wild desolate mountains in the northern Highlands of Scotland - the home of the deer and the eagle.

The Pennine Range in northern England

The Cambrian Mountains in Wales ( they are much lower)

In the extreme south of England are the famous chalk hills, some of which form the Dover Cliffs. The southern and south-eastern parts of the island lie in varied lowlands. The rivers of the region are short and of no great importance as waterways.

The longest of them is the "Father of London", the Thames, which is a little over 200 miles.

Britain's principal ports are London, Liverpool, Manchester, Hull, Glasgow.

They have splendid harbours, for the coast line is very indented. Owing to the shape of the country, any point in Great Britain is no more than 70 miles from the sea. Naturally, it's made the English race a sea - loving one. The warm currents in the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. The winters are not severely cold, while summers are rarely hot.

The British Isles are well - watered throughout the year. The cloudiness is rather dense, well over half the days of the year are overcast - fogs The fogs of London, often made along the coast severe by mixture with city frequently hide the smoke have a world - wide sun. reputation, but the one not to be envied.

Parliament acts • Reform Act 1832 - education was provided to the middleclass. • Reform Act 1867 - respectable working-class children were provided with education. • Education Act 1880 everyone, at least up to the age of 10 had to attend school. • Education Act 1891 - free education.

Basic features • Full-time education is compulsory; • Compulsory education is free of charge but a child can be educated privately; • The academic year begins at the end of summe • There are 3 stages: primary or elementary , secondary, higher; • The education debates: quality, social justice, freedom of choice.

School education • primary education (up to 11) • secondary education (up to 16)

Primary education - Given children between 5 and 11 years of age - In First School (infant school) children learn reading and writing, the basis of arithmetic, music, history, art, geography, technology (age 5 to 7) - In Middle School (junior school) new subjects: physics, chemistry, biology (7 to 11) - much practice - 12 compulsory subjects

Secondary education Comprehensive schools Secondary modern schools Grammar schools Technical schools - Ages from 13 to 16 - Amount of subjects decreases - Can chose from 5 to 9 subjects - Getting ready for GCSE (A & G marks)

Private education • The government does not support these schools financially. • Choice: day or boarding schools, single-sex or mixed schools. • There are 2, 400 schools in Britain. • 10% of all pupils in Britain go to public schools. • Nearly all pupils pass successfully A-level exam.

The most prestigious private schools • • • Eton Charterhouse Harrow Rugby Shrewsbury Westminster Winchester St. Paul’s Merchant Taylors’

MARKS ENGLISH RUSSIAN А*(star) Excellent - A Very good 5 B Good 4 C Satisfactory 3 D Poor 2 E Very poor 1 F Awful -

HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN Higher education begins at 18 and usually lasts three or four years. Students go to universities, polytechnics or colleges of higher education. There are now about 80 universities in Great Britain. The academic year is divided into three terms. Terminal examinations are held at the end of autumn, spring and summer terms. Only two reexaminations are allowed. British universities usually keep to the customs of the past. Upon graduation all the students have to wear long black gowns and “students caps”.

BRITISH UNIVERSITIES DIFFER IN way of student life methods of instruction date of foundation size UNIVERSITY history general organization tradition

OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE • • Oxford University is the oldest and most famous in Britain. It was founded in the 12 -th century and is a collection of colleges with more then 12, 000 students and 1, 000 teachers. Cambridge is the second oldest. It was founded in the 13 -th century and has 27 colleges. They both have a reputation of privileged schools. Many prominent people studied there. The tutorial system is one of the ways in which these universities differ from all other. Every student has a tutor who plans his work.

ACADEMIC YEAR middle of April to the end of June beginning of October to the middle of December middle of January to the end of March

DEGREES Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc LATER: Master's Degree Doctor's Degree AFTER THREE YEARS OF STUDY needs two further years of study, with examination papers and substantial dissertations preparing theses which must make original contributions to knowledge

They were founded as non-collegiate universities in the 19 th and the early part of the 20 th centuries. London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Shetfield, and Birmingham

Нadrian’s Wall some interesting facts from history

• Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Aelium), also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Hadriani, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in AD 122 during the rule of emperor Hadrian. • In 122 the Emperor Hadrian (76 -138) orders the construction of the grand walls of North Britain, which was to outline the boundaries of the Empire, and protect it from the raids of barbarian tribes. Work on the construction led the governor of Roman Britain Platory Nepos. The 126 was completed construction of Hadrian's Wall, which stretched from sea to sea 117 km (80 Roman miles) from r. Soluey (in the west) to r. Tayn (in the east).

Dimensions • Hadrian's Wall was 80 Roman miles or 117. 5 km (73. 0 mi) long; its width and height varied according to the construction materials that were available nearby. East of the River Irthing, the wall was made from squared stone and measured 3 metres (9. 8 feet) wide and 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 feet) high, while west of the river the wall was originally made from turf and measured 6 metres (20 feet) wide and 3. 5 metres (11 feet) high; it was later rebuilt in stone. These dimensions do not include the wall's ditches, berms and forts. The central section measured eight Roman feet wide (7. 8 ft or 2. 4 m) on a 3 m (10 ft) base. Some parts of this section of the wall survive to a height of 3 m (10 ft).

Hadrian's Wall - one of the largest fortification and cultural monuments of Roman civilization in the territory of the Roman colony.

• After the Antonine Wall was built, with the shaft Adrianov nobody watched, and he gradually destroyed. But in 208, the Emperor ordered to leave the north of the Antonine shaft and strengthen the Hadrian's Wall, setting him on the borders of the Roman possessions. Picts repeatedly punched in the shaft passes, and the Romans finally in 385 left it to crumble.

Purpose of construction • • • Hadrian's Wall was probably planned before Hadrian's visit to Britain in AD 122. According to restored sandstone fragments found in Jarrow which date from 118 or 119, it was Hadrian's wish to keep "intact the empire", which had been imposed on him via "divine instruction Although Hadrian's biographer wrote "(Hadrian) was the first to build a wall 80 miles long to separate the Romans from the barbarians", reasons for the construction of the wall vary, and no recording of an exact explanation survives. Theories have been presented by historians, mostly of an expression of Roman power and Hadrian's policy of defence before expansion. On his accession to the throne in 117, Hadrian had been experiencing rebellion in Roman Britain and from the peoples of various conquered lands across the Empire, including Egypt, Palestine, Libya and Mauretania. Scholars disagree over how much of a threat the inhabitants of northern Britain really presented and whethere was any economic advantage in defending and garrisoning a fixed line of defences like the Wall, rather than conquering and annexing what has become the Scottish Lowlands and defending the territory with a loose arrangement of forts.

In the valley

World Heritage Site. Tourism • Hadrian's Wall was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and in 2005 it became part of the transnational "Frontiers of the Roman Empire" World Heritage Site which also includes sites in Germany. • Although Hadrian's Wall was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, it remains unguarded, enabling visitors to climb and stand on the wall, although this is not encouraged, as it could damage the

Forts. The Latin and Romano-Celtic names of some of the Hadrian's Wall forts are known, from the Notitia Dignitatum and • Segedunum (Wallsend) other evidence. • Pons Aelius (Newcastle upon Tyne) • Condercum (Benwell Hill) • Vindobala (Rudchester)[23] • Hunnum (Halton Chesters)[23] • Cilurnum (Chesters aka Walwick Chesters)[23] • Procolita (Carrowburgh) • Vercovicium (Housesteads) • Aesica (Great Chesters)[23]

The construction of Hadrian's Wall Romans.

Rudyard Kipling dedicated Adrianov shaft poem "Song of the Roman centurion": «I will be here to serve Rome, send me back Marshes gatit, forest felling, il subdue the Picts, Or drive a patrol detachment along the northern wall, The spill heather, where the children sleep Empire. . . »

Thank for your attention