GENUS CAMPYLOBACTER GENUS CAMPYLOBACTER Gram

GENUS CAMPYLOBACTER

GENUS CAMPYLOBACTER Gram - ve curve, spiral motile oxidase + ve microaerophilic one flagella at the end not attack CHO non-spore forming HABITAT mucous membrane of genital tract mucous membrane of intestinal tract, oral of man and animals

Campylobacter spp.

flagella

CLASSIFICATION. 1 Genital tract disease abortion, infertility C. fetus. 2 Intestinal tract disease enteritis C. jejuni ,

TRANSMISSION . 1. 2 mating, artificial insemination ingestion

VIRULENCE FACTOR C. fetus ss. venerealis, C. fetus ss. fetus * * LPS microcapsule anti-complement (S layer) antiphagocytosis consist of protein resist to serum-mediated destruction ) not effectively opsonized by C 3 b) and phagocytosis enhance survival in the genital tract

PATHOGENESIS I. Genital tract disease Campylobacter fetus (Vibrio fetus( C. fetus ss. venerealis

C. fetus ss. venerealis cattle M - glan penis, prepuce F - vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct lesion M - no sign, carrier, semen F - catarrhal in genital tract after uterine invasion temporary infertility spordic abortion 4 -6 months carrier

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis C. fetus ss. venerealis Bacteria localize at glans penis, distal urethra asymptomatic carrier bull venereal transmission Campy. in cervicovaginal mucus Rarely abortion at mid pregnancy, less than 10% mild endometritis & salpingitis embryonic death and resorption return to oestrus 28 -35 days

transient infertility(3 -5 months) protective immunity by Ig. A in cervicovaginal mucus & Ig. G in the uterus Ig. G opsonize pathogens facilitate phagocytosis by neutrophil & mononuclear cell recovery of fertility

ovine genital campylobacteriosis Ovine abortion C. fetus ss. fetus [C. fetus ss. intestinalis[ cattle, sheep commensal in intestine C. jejuni feces of a wide range of birds and mammals

C. fetus ss fetus (C. fetus ss intestinalis) Sheep C. jejuni Cattle transmission by faecal-oral route bacteremia rarely case deposit in placenta during pregnancy necrotic placentitis abortion late in pregnancy

IMMUNITY Ig. A develops in vagina, Ig. G in uterus opsonize the pathogens, facilitate phagocytosis Bacterin (vaccine for male and female( Biotype-specific ISOLATION. 1 preputial washing FA. 2 cervical mucus. 3 placenta, abomasal content of foetus Blood agar + antibiotics O 2 3 -5 %, CO 210%, N 2 85% 3 -6 days

IDENTIFICATION . 1 Biochemical tests non-pathogenic strain C. sputorum biovar bubulus (catalase -ve( ss. venerealis H 2 S production+ Growth in 1% glycine + Catalase+ + ss. fetus -

2. Detect antigen FA technique in sheath washing from bull cervicovaginal mucus from cow PCR detect pathogen in. 3 Immunology bull semen Agglutination of cervical mucus or vaginal mucus agglutination (VMA) detect 50% on herd basis ELISA detect

C. f etus (FA)

C. fetus ss. venerealis

II Intestinal tract disease Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli S intestine of farm animal, swine calf, poultry, sheep, man (close contact with animals and wastes(. Zoonotic infection ingest contaminated undercooked chicken meat or other animal sources

C. jejuni

VIRULENCE FACTOR C. jejuni Attachment factor; Fibronectin binding protein Lipoprotein Flagellin Pilus protein LPS Binding is followed by invading enterocytes Strain dependent

ANIMAL S enteritis in variety of animal species , calves, dog, chicken, pig, cat, sheep watery feces contains mucus & blood pathological change: ileum, colon superficial erosive enteritis crypt abscess,

EXTRAINTESTINAL INFECTION C. jejuni abortion in sheep& goat similar to those C. fetus abortion mastitis in cattle frequently isolate from milk contaminated by feces or via mastitis major source of infection in countries where raw milk is consumed

Avian vibrionic hepatitis * birds harbour C. jejuni in their intestinal tract and shed the organism in their feces * chicks acquire infection from feed, water & litter * usually asymptomatic * principal important source for human following carcasses contamination at slaughter house

* outbreak are uncommon drop in egg production may hemorrhage and multifocal in liver * organism motility are demonstrated in bile (phase contrast)

Intestinal campylobacteriosis in dog C. jejuni Increase severity of enteric disease infected with other enteropathogens, ie. virus, protozoa young, debilitated, immunosuppressed animal are at risk dogs & cats may be involved in transmission infection in humans

Intestinal Campylobacteriosis in human C. jejuni is main cause of human campylobacteriosis most frequent cause of food poisoning C. coli, C. lari are sometimes implicated poultry meat is major source

fever, abdominal pain & diarrhea (sometimes bloody) mild to moderate self – limiting resistance to fluoroquinolone is major public health concern

ISOLATION. 1 Blood agar + antibiotics, mixed gases. 2 identification based on growth characteristic and biochemical tests. catalase test µ nitrate reduction µ hydrogen disulphide production Growth in: %1 % 3. 5 25 glycine Na. Cl o C

Biochemical tests of Campylobacter Biochemical Tests Organism Catalase Oxidase KOH Indoxyl acetate Hippurate C. jejuni + + + C. coli + + - C. lari + + + - -

Campylobacter species C. fetus ss. venerealis Bovine tract repro. venereal dis. in cattle, early embryonic death, temporary infertility C. fetus ss. fetus C. jejuni intestinal of sheep goats, cattle intestinal tr. of birds and mammals abortion, stilbirth in sheep & goat, weak lambs and kids, sporadic abortion in cattle abortion in sheep enteritis in dogs avian hepatitis enterocolitic in humans

GENUS LAWSONIA

THE GENUS LAWSONIA Gram -ve slender, curved rod shape not been grown in lifeless media smicroaerophilic Obligate intracellular organism Habitat Intracellular in pig enterocytes excrete small number in feces

Lawsonia intracellularis TRANSMISSION fecal-route, direct-indirect is the main mode of spread probably acquire L. intracellularis from feces of infected pigs

Pathogenesis etiology of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE) - infectious disease of weaned animals - especially important in pig industry - occur worldwide - variable clinical manifestation chronic acute porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA) proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE)

Pathogenesis - flagella may allow colonization and attachment - moderate immune response and intracellular (enterocytes) location may enable LI to evade immune response - induce proliferation of enterocytes with the development of adenomatous and inflammatory lesion in terminal ileum, caecum and colon

Pathogenesis -intracellular organisms in apical cytoplasm of proliferating cells -proliferative ileitis - bacteria released from enterocytes at villous apices, infection spread through ileum, distal jejunum, caecum, colon - intestinal adenomatous hyperplasia

Characteristic features of PPE - mucosal thickening of small intestine - crypt epithelial cell proliferation - chronic intermittent diarrhea to acute hemorrhagic enteropathy - necrotic enteritis in severe, clotted blood in the lumens

PPE

PHE (pig)

Cultivation of Lawsonia - obligate intracellular, highly fastidious - resides in highly contaminated environment - microaerophilic - grown in enterocyte cell lines

Identification of Lawsonia antemortem * IFA * immunoperoxidase in faeces * PCR in faeces post mortem ** PCR (16 S r. DNA) of ileal mucosa ** tissue immunohistochemistry ** demonstrated in section from lesion by silver stain

GENUS CAMPYLOBACTER GENUS CAMPYLOBACTER Gram — ve