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General topics in the philosophy of science.pptx

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General topics in the philosophy of science Topic 1 General topics in the philosophy of science Topic 1

definition of the term • definition of the term • "Philosophy of science" is the name given to that branch of philosophy that reflects on and critically analyzes science. As a discipline, it tries to understand the aims and methods of science, along with its principles, practices, and achievements.

two approaches of science • In the twentieth century, two disparate approaches have been two approaches of science • In the twentieth century, two disparate approaches have been dominant. It were logical positivists and logical empiricists, they set rigorous standards for the conduct of philosophy of science. Logical empiricists and logical positivists were also concerned with establishing clear meanings for all the terms used in science.

Criticism of logical positivists and empiricists • The standard view fails to take account Criticism of logical positivists and empiricists • The standard view fails to take account of the bearing of history of science on the philosophy of science. Critics of the standard view cite Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions , which argues that most scientific textbooks ignore history and distort the real nature of progress in science.

four themes in philosophy of science • • Explanation Induction and Confirmation Realism and four themes in philosophy of science • • Explanation Induction and Confirmation Realism and the Nature of Scientific Theories Scientific Change: Perspectives and Proposals

scientific explanation • The first step in clarifying the notion of scientific explanation is scientific explanation • The first step in clarifying the notion of scientific explanation is to draw a sharp distinction between explaining why a particular phenomenon occurs and giving reasons for believing that it occurs. Аn explanation is an attempt to render understandable or intelligible some particular event or some general fact.

Why - question in scientific explanation • Not all why-questions are requests for scientific Why - question in scientific explanation • Not all why-questions are requests for scientific explanations • that some scientific explanations are answers to how-possibly-questions • We will leave open the possibility that some explanations cannot suitably be requested by why-questions.

scientific explanation • any explanation consists of two parts, the explanandum and the explanans. scientific explanation • any explanation consists of two parts, the explanandum and the explanans. • The explanandum is the fact that is to be explained. • The explanans is that which does the explaining. It consists of whatever facts, particular or general, are summoned to explain the explanandum.

An argument • An argument is simply a set of statements, Scientific Explanation. • An argument • An argument is simply a set of statements, Scientific Explanation. • Scientific Explanation one of which is singled out as the conclusion of the argument. The remaining members of the set are premises. • There may be one or more premises; no fixed number of premises is required. The premises provide support for the conclusion.

deductive and inductive arguments • All logically correct arguments fall into two types, deductive deductive and inductive arguments • All logically correct arguments fall into two types, deductive and inductive, and these types differ fundamentally from one another. • Inductive arguments come in different matter. In some inductions An argument is totally valid or it is in- the premises support the conclusions valid more strongly than in others. • Deductive validity and inductive correctness do not hinge on the truth of the premises or the conclusion of the argument.