Gendered Discourses on war at the intersection between party affiliation institutional role The case of legislative Assemblies Cinzia Bevitori (University of Bologna at Forlì) cinzia. bevitori@unibo. it BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Outline of talk n Background issues q q q n Corpus, Tools and Methods q q q n Parliamentary discourse The question of gender in institutional domains Research questions The Ho. C and Ho. R subcorpora Tools and Methods Corpus-assisted Discourse Analysis Case study q war, people of Iraq, we must BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Background issues i. parliamentary discourse ii. gender and institutional discourse iii. research questions BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Background issues i. parliamentary discourse n sub-genre of political language (Carbò 1996, Van Dijk 2000, Bayley 2004) n ritualized and rule-bound n typically adversarial - “deliberate dispute” (Adams 1999) n typically male-dominated institutional space (Shaw 2000, Walsh 2001, Wodak 2003) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Background issues ii. gender and institutional discourse n gender in context and situated meanings q q q n n meanings as contextually-dependent (Halliday 1994) within ‘communities of practice’ (Cof. P) (Eckert and Mc. Connell- Ginet 1992) ‘performative’ (Butler 1990, 1999), i. e. enacting gender as a ‘dynamic’/‘fluid’ concept (inter alia Litosseliti 2002, Sunderland Litosseliti 2002) as well as a ‘fixed’ concept (Walsh 2001) gendered identities at the intersection with other “institutional” variables (Cameron 1997, Walsh 2001) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Background issues iii. research questions n n Do different/similar semantic patterns emerge in the talk of male and female MPs in the House/s? Are they statistically salient or semantically ‘primed’ (Hoey 2005) to tell us anything about gendered discourses within this domain? If (and to what extent) does positioning depend on variables of party affiliation and/or institutional role intersecting with gender? If (and to what extent) do shared/unshared values in this given context impinge on gender? BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Corpus, Tools and Methods i. the corpus ii. tools and methods iii. corpus-assisted discourse studies BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
The Corpus n n Ho. C 2003 Original corpus: transcripts of all 152 sittings Tokens: 9, 800, 000 (approx. Wsmith counting procedure) n n n Iraq subcorpus: 73 parliamentary “events” tokens: 960, 293 (approx. ) 412 speakers BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
The Corpus n n Ho. R 2003 Original corpus: transcripts of all 135 sessions Tokens: 17, 000 (approx. Wsmith counting procedure) n n n Iraq subcorpus: tokens: 1, 394, 163 (approx. ) 376 speakers BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Ho. C and Ho. R and Cor. Dis n n Cor. Dis: multigeneric corpus 5 million tokens ca. (see Morley and Bayley ed. 2009) Encoded according to TEI standard to be interrogated by Xaira (XML Aware Indexing and Retrieval Application, Oxford University Computing Service) POS-tagged (CLAWS 7, Lancaster) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Taking the Floor about Iraq party/sex distribution of tokens BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 Ho. C
Taking the Floor about Iraq Speaker role - Labour: Gov and Bb BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 Ho. C
Taking the Floor about Iraq party/sex distribution of tokens BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 Ho. R
Methodology: a two-fold gaze n Corpus-assisted Discourse Studies (Ca. DS) (Partington 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009) q Combining CL techniques with the analytical tools of discourse analysis (inter alia, Hardt-Meutner 1995, Stubbs 1996, 2001, Baker 2006, Baker et al 2008, Bayley 1999, 2004, 2008, Miller 2006, Thompson and Hunston 2006, Bayley and Morley 2009) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Methodology: a two-fold gaze CADS continued typically implies: q close reading of select text and text segments emerging as significant from quantitative research or ‘shunting’ (Halliday [1961] 2002: 45, Miller 2006), from concordance to text (and intertext) typically characterised by: q compilation of ad hoc specialized corpora; q use of other corpora for comparative purposes n SFL-based discourse analysis and Appraisal (Halliday 1994, Martin and Rose 2000, Martin and White 2005) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Case study war people (of iraq) we must BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Distribution of war and conflict BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
war conflict / party/sex distribution (r. f. ) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
war conflict / party/sex distribution (r. f. ) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
war n n n n n a. f. gulf crimes cold against go six-day inevitable syndrome prisoners opposed prospectus run-up terrorism case justification resort aftermath avoid iraq the 154 44 36 180 179 5 31 8 36 41 5 12 73 73 20 17 20 28 270 1966 Ho. C a. f. z-score 62. 0 38. 2 35. 9 35. 8 35. 2 30. 0 29. 8 27. 6 24. 7 24. 5 23. 8 21. 1 20. 7 20. 2 19. 8 19. 0 18. 2 17. 2 16. 9 n n n n n terrorism terror against prisoners gulf preemptive world profiteering cold iraq cost persian win during vietnam this prisoner winning preventive aftermath BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 378 159 369 98 160 52 345 19 57 762 123 63 93 166 73 916 30 47 14 44 Ho. R z-score 79. 9 59. 0 50. 0 46. 6 42. 4 40. 9 39. 7 39. 5 38. 6 38. 0 37. 9 37. 8 37. 7 35. 9 35. 7 33. 1 29. 9 28. 6 28. 4 27. 5
war n n n n n gulf crimes cold against go six-day inevitable syndrome prisoners opposed prospectus run-up terrorism case justification resort aftermath avoid iraq the a. f. 154 44 36 180 179 5 31 8 36 41 5 12 73 73 20 17 20 28 270 1966 a. f. z-score 62. 0 38. 2 35. 9 35. 8 35. 2 30. 0 29. 8 27. 6 24. 7 24. 5 23. 8 21. 1 20. 7 20. 2 19. 8 19. 0 18. 2 17. 2 16. 9 n n n n n terrorism terror against prisoners gulf preemptive world profiteering cold iraq cost persian win during vietnam this prisoner winning preventive aftermath BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 378 159 369 98 160 52 345 19 57 762 123 63 93 166 73 916 30 47 14 44 z-score 79. 9 59. 0 50. 0 46. 6 42. 4 40. 9 39. 7 39. 5 38. 6 38. 0 37. 9 37. 8 37. 7 35. 9 35. 7 33. 1 29. 9 28. 6 28. 4 27. 5
war- top collocates (z-score) variables of sex/party/inst. role Lab Gov (M): crimes, prisoners, syndrome, gulf, cold, avoid, decisions, Labour: Government criminals, sanctioned n Lab Gov (F): prospects, disorderly, troubled, cold, raging, suffering, catastrophe, bitter, avoided, scenario n BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Gov. (F): war y of the record from the Gulf me from this crisis without a t there should be no rush to troubled by the prospects of s not relish the prospects of y that there should not be a rian purposes in the event of raging about the prospect of penly about the prospects of hat the best scenario is that n the middle east because any splacing him without going to le of Iraq further suffering, war onwards in relation to requests war that would cause great sufferin war and does not relish the prospec war, and that people are willing to war that inflicts great suffering o war or military or humanitarian pre war should be avoided if possible. war would be a human catastrophe. war and inflicting more hurt and su war and the chaos that has come aft BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Gov. (F): war and prospects y of the record from the Gulf me from this crisis without a t there should be no rush to troubled by the prospects of s not relish the prospects of y that there should not be a rian purposes in the event of raging about the prospect of penly about the prospects of hat the best scenario is that n the middle east because any splacing him without going to le of Iraq further suffering, war onwards in relation to requests war that would cause great sufferin war and does not relish the prospec war, and that people are willing to war that inflicts great suffering o war or military or humanitarian pre war should be avoided if possible. war would be a human catastrophe. war and inflicting more hurt and su war and the chaos that has come aft BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Gov. (F): war and prospects and suffering y of the record from the Gulf me from this crisis without a t there should be no rush to troubled by the prospects of s not relish the prospects of y that there should not be a rian purposes in the event of raging about the prospect of penly about the prospects of hat the best scenario is that n the middle east because any splacing him without going to le of Iraq further suffering, war onwards in relation to requests war that would cause great sufferin war and does not relish the prospec war, and that people are willing to war that inflicts great suffering o war or military or humanitarian pre war should be avoided if possible. war would be a human catastrophe. war and inflicting more hurt and su war and the chaos that has come aft BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Gov. (F): suffering a war that inflicts great suffering on the already long-suffering necessary bombardment and suffering for the people of Iraq, which inflicting more hurt and suffering on the people of Iraq. We did ons were causing enormous suffering to the people of Iraq. But of President Mugabe. The suffering and destruction that he has is necessary to minimise suffering and to maximise the speed wit possible to minimise the suffering of children without minimi ty now is to minimise the suffering of the people of Iraq during t en without minimising the suffering of civilians, of their mothers our power to minimise the suffering of the people. It is not possi eople of Iraq are already suffering a humanitarian catastrophe. So detailed accounts of the suffering of people and children at Ha ering on the already long-suffering people of Iraq, it is our duty courts for the terrible suffering and breach of international la omy, thuggery, hunger and suffering. My instinct is that the end i horror, chaos, death and suffering of war. As a result of the sec he people of Iraq further suffering, war and the chaos that has co ere and then minimise the suffering of the people. The hon. Memb there would be much less suffering for the people of Iraq, and th ar that would cause great suffering to the people of Iraq. I am no s brutal, the people were suffering, our Attorney-General belatedl which we can minimise the suffering of the people of Iraq in terms BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Gov. (F): suffering a war that inflicts great suffering on the already long-suffering necessary bombardment and suffering for the people of Iraq, which inflicting more hurt and suffering on the people of Iraq. We did ons were causing enormous suffering to the people of Iraq. But of President Mugabe. The suffering and destruction that he has is necessary to minimise suffering and to maximise the speed wit possible to minimise the suffering of children without minimi ty now is to minimise the suffering of the people of Iraq during t en without minimising the suffering of civilians, of their mothers our power to minimise the suffering of the people. It is not possi eople of Iraq are already suffering a humanitarian catastrophe. So detailed accounts of the suffering of people and children at Ha ering on the already long-suffering people of Iraq, it is our duty courts for the terrible suffering and breach of international la omy, thuggery, hunger and suffering. My instinct is that the end i horror, chaos, death and suffering of war. As a result of the sec he people of Iraq further suffering, war and the chaos that has co ere and then minimise the suffering of the people. The hon. Memb there would be much less suffering for the people of Iraq, and th ar that would cause great suffering to the people of Iraq. I am no s brutal, the people were suffering, our Attorney-General belatedl which we can minimise the suffering of the people of Iraq in terms BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Opposition-initiated debate, 30 th Jan. 2003 C. Short: While I welcome the concern among the people of our country that there should not be a war that inflicts great suffering on the already long-suffering people of Iraq, it is our duty to send the firm message to Saddam Hussein that this time the UN is in business, is invincible and will not go away, and that there must be disarmament. BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Question Time 26 Feb 2003 n Mrs. Spelman (Con): The whole House is aware of, and sympathetic to, the doubts and concerns that the Secretary of State has publicly admitted about the prospect of war in Iraq. However, does she accept that the effect of those doubts has been to prevent her from engaging properly in all attempts to discuss what humanitarian plans would be in place to mitigate the consequences of war? Does she also accept that, ironically, that could have grave consequences for the people of Iraq? BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Labour: Gov node: people(z-score) n n n n iraqi fed benefit displaced minimise iraq own brutalised quarrel benefiting suffering internally educated BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 52. 3 26. 7 24. 6 22. 9 19. 2 18. 6 17. 8 17. 6 17. 0 16. 5 16. 4 16. 3 15. 5
Labour: Gov node: people(z-score) n n n n iraqi fed benefit displaced minimise iraq own brutalised quarrel benefiting suffering internally educated BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 52. 3 26. 7 24. 6 22. 9 19. 2 18. 6 17. 8 17. 6 17. 0 16. 5 16. 4 16. 3 15. 5
Labour: Gov (combined variables) node: people(z-score) M n n n n n iraqi 55. 6 benefit 23. 8 own 19. 8 brutalised 19. 1 quarrel 18. 5 benefiting 17. 9 iraq 16. 7 innocent 15. 6 who 15. 1 thousands 14. 0 F n n n n n fed 50. 1 displaced 46. 0 minimise 44. 4 suffering 34. 8 educated 33. 6 livelihoods 26. 3 handouts 25. 6 movements 23. 6 one-off 22. 2 disadvantaged 22. 2 BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
people of Iraq/Iraqi people dominant semantic motifs n Gov’s positioning (M) q q q n benefiting/helping (the people of Iraq) empowerment (take responsibility for government) brutality and suffering (of the regime) Gov’s positioning (F) > [Clare Short]: q q minimize the suffering of the people (of Iraq) (negative) prospects of war > e. g. “humanitarian” q (Bayley and Bevitori 2009: 74 -107) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
war top collocates (variables of sex/party) n Lab Bb (M): against, gulf, discrete, opposed, Labour: Back Benchers go, terrorism, excuses, pre-emptive, wrongs, avoid, alternative, case, iraq, rushing, voted n Lab Bb (F): crimes, indictments/indicting, deadliest, humanity, proportionate, aims, gulf, against, inevitable, brink, refugees, consequence, sceptical BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Question Time, 21 Jan. 2003 n Mrs. Alice Mahon (Halifax): Is my hon Friend the Member for Cynon Valley [Ann_Clwyd ] not correct in saying that Saddam needs to be dealt with because of his responsibility for these matters? The Government have taken a leading role in international tribunals that deal with war crimes and crimes against humanity, so, instead of letting people off the hook, is it now time to find a way of bringing them to book? How will the British Government go about doing that? BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
war top collocates (variables of sex/party) n Lab Bb (M): against, gulf, discrete, opposed, go, terrorism, excuses, pre-emptive, wrongs, avoid, alternative, case, iraq, rushing, voted n Lab Bb (F): crimes, indictments/indicting, deadliest, humanity, proportionate, aims, gulf, against, inevitable, brink, refugees, consequence, sceptical BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Lab: Bb (M) war and terrorism Clearly, any If we are to have a In relation to the e rights and wrongs of a reign policy aspects of a Let us prosecute the he war has no link to the d July this year, on the This is a support the more general war on terrorism. id, I support the general as a logical step in the gative consequence on the tting co-operation in the was the right move in the back to the tasks of the war war war War war war war against terrorism has many differ against terrorism, and it is against terrorism, the Chancellor against terrorism, and about the mi on terrorism, we must realise that against terrorism through the Unit against terrorism and will exacerba against terrorism. that will have no end, so long as p on terrorism. is justified if we or our allies ar on terrorism- in fact, I thought th on terrorism because the internat on terrorism from generally unreli on terrorism; some wanted Saddam to on terrorism and the building of th BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Lab: Bb (M) war and terrorism Clearly, any If we are to have a In relation to the e rights and wrongs of a reign policy aspects of a Let us prosecute the he war has no link to the d July this year, on the This is a support the more general war on terrorism. id, I support the general as a logical step in the gative consequence on the tting co-operation in the was the right move in the back to the tasks of the war war war War war war war against terrorism has many differ against terrorism, and it is against terrorism, the Chancellor against terrorism, and about the mi on terrorism, we must realise that against terrorism through the Unit against terrorism and will exacerba against terrorism. that will have no end, so long as p on terrorism. is justified if we or our allies ar on terrorism- in fact, I thought th on terrorism because the internat on terrorism from generally unreli on terrorism; some wanted Saddam to on terrorism and the building of th BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Gov-initiated debate, 11 th March 2003 “War against terrorism” n Vernon Coaker (Gedling): While we talk about the rights and wrongs of a war against terrorism, and about the military side of any campaign, it is important, if we are to demonstrate that we are doing is against the regime in Iraq and not against the people, that we plan for the humanitarian consequences of any conflict, and that we do what we can to protect the ordinary people of Iraq. […] BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Lab: Bb (F) war and terrorism n Mrs. Alice Mahon (Halifax): The policy of merging the issue of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq with the aims of the war on terrorism is no substitute for any hard evidence of weapons of mass destruction or, indeed, a link with al-Qaeda. Does the Foreign Secretary realise that many will view this attempt as disingenuous? It is also a disaster for good international relations and in terms of protecting the people of this country, it is downright dangerous. (Statement to the House, 21 January 2003) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Opposition-initiated debate, 9 Sept. 2003 n Alice Mahon (Halifax): However, now is not the time for that. It is timely to remind Hon Members of the genuine consequences of the illegal and immoral war for the people of Iraq. It is proper to examine the way in which millions of ordinary Iraqi people are suffering now. We should also consider the destabilisation of the middle east. BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
people of iraq n n Lab: BB (M): top collocates: liberate, liberation, reconciliation, justifiable dominant motifs: variable stance q upholding the Gov’s position: n liberating the people from dictatorship n empowerment: peace and reconciliation q contesting the Gov’s position n dire consequences Lab: BB (F): top collocates: suffering, immoral, inflicting, saving (“no prospect of saving”) dominant motifs: less varied q contesting the Gov’s position n war is illegal and immoral n dire consequences (people are suffering now) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
![Opposition-initiated debate 30 th Jan 2003 n n n Joan Ruddock (Lewisham, Deptford): […]](https://present5.com/presentation/ab7a95f79738a63c60dea60309cc2323/image-43.jpg "Opposition-initiated debate 30 th Jan 2003 n n n Joan Ruddock (Lewisham, Deptford): […]")
Opposition-initiated debate 30 th Jan 2003 n n n Joan Ruddock (Lewisham, Deptford): […] there are Hon Members who argue—perhaps the Hon Member for North-West Cambridgeshire [Mawhinney_Brian Conservative: Bb] came closest to saying this — that it might be better to have the war to save the people of Iraq from their existing fate. I can not accept that. It is, of course, not the purpose of resolution 1441, and it can not be part of the judgment that the Security Council will take on hearing the inspectors' reports. I cannot believe that is the best way forward for the Iraqi people. We know what the immediate humanitarian results are likely to be, but the question is: what will follow the military onslaught? Like the hon. Member for Richmond Park (Dr. Tonge) and my hon. Friend the Member for Cynon Valley (Ann Clwyd), Linguistics Eventto refer to Afghanistan I want BAAL Corpus Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
people top 10 collocates Republicans n n n n n american 45. 8 iraqi 37. 6 who 31. 9 oppressed 27. 7 these 26. 8 are 25. 3 liberate 24. 9 own 21. 6 freeing 21. 5 oppress 20. 9 Ho. R Democrats n n n american who deserve the are iraqi leveled young congress behalf borrow BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 149. 1 29. 5 27. 8 26. 5 25. 1 24. 5 23. 0 22. 7 22. 0 20. 9
people of iraq Ho. R Dem M: the people of iraq are better off/freer…but n Mr. Mc. Dermott (Washington): […] There n can be little argument about whether the people of Iraq are better off today than they were under Hussein. They are. But the 200 young Americans who have died and continue to die, one died last night, did not pledge their lives to make the people of Iraq better off. They pledged to protect the United States of America from real threats to our security. They died believing that they did. So far, I do not know why they died. (5 minutes speech, 15 July 2003) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
![people of iraq n Ho. R Mr. Udall of Colorado: […] The people of](https://present5.com/presentation/ab7a95f79738a63c60dea60309cc2323/image-46.jpg "people of iraq n Ho. R Mr. Udall of Colorado: […] The people of")
people of iraq n Ho. R Mr. Udall of Colorado: […] The people of Iraq are freer with Saddam Hussein out of power—at least for now—but our go-it-alone policies have left us with few friends willing to help cover the costs of his removal or Iraq's reconstruction. (Debate 17 Oct. 2003) n Mr. Obey: […] If we are going to be bombing the devil out of a country, I suspect that we have a considerable moral obligation to the population afterwards to help repair the damage and to help repair the human misery. So I do not begrudge what we will be trying to do for the people of Iraq after this miserable war. What I do hope, however, is that we will be able to reduce and perhaps eliminate future tax cuts that are contemplated right now here. Event home …(Debate 3 BAAL Corpus Linguistics at April 2003) Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
people of iraq n Ho. R Dem F : concern for our people (troops) and the people of iraq, civilians, victims; help them rebuild and reconstruct nocent lives, the victims, the ave a commonality with the for our troops, right for the we it to our troops and to the troops in the field and to their ability to represent the fighting men and women and the ies to our military and to the port of our allies to help the United States and to the on with other nations and the mental with sympathy for the dam Hussein, and certainly the merican people, as well as the tes troops, civilians and the people people people people of of of of Iraq for what might c Iraq , either by way Iraq , and worthy of sup Iraq to acknowledge the e Iraq after the war; the Iraq. From my study of Iraq. I join my colleag Iraq , and we will contin Iraq rebuild their countr Iraq to do our utmost to Iraq and eliminate the ba Iraq whose liberation has Iraq should not be saddl Iraq. First, this approp Iraq. But even before goi
“a register specific feature in institutional. Case study deliberative dispute” (Miller and Johnson 2009 b) war people (of iraq) we must BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must across Cor. Dis must wemust
we must: party/sex distribution Ho. R BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must: verbs collocate: Dem F n protect, construct, invest, care, ensure, recognize, believe, provide are secure abroad, n our Armed Forces. or Dodd's concerns. re of our veterans. e safe and secure. tect our homeland. not made in order. also believe that hose trucks. And ild Left Behind. ps in danger, then we We We We we we We we must must must also strive to protect our people always undertake efforts to protect be as vigilant in protecting the j protect our homeland. Each of their protect and defend our cities at h protect our hometowns. And as was protect our homeland. We must protect the troops right here at make sure that our homeland is prot take care of our veterans. We must care enough to bring them home, bri BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must: verbs collocate: Dem F n protect, construct, invest, care, ensure, recognize, believe, provide are secure abroad, n our Armed Forces. or Dodd's concerns. re of our veterans. e safe and secure. tect our homeland. not made in order. also believe that hose trucks. And ild Left Behind. ps in danger, then we We We We we we We we must must must also strive to protect our people always undertake efforts to protect be as vigilant in protecting the j protect our homeland. Each of their protect and defend our cities at h protect our hometowns. And as was protect our homeland. We must protect the troops right here at make sure that our homeland is prot take care of our veterans. We must care enough to bring them home, bri BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must: verbs collocate: Dem F n protect, construct, invest, care, ensure, recognize, believe, provide I believe that ; and I believe that pyer dollar, I believe ut I also believe that gress, I still believe econdly, I believe that Lastly I believe that I believe ut, I also believe that we we we must must must live up to our duty and support first go to our allies in this have an answer to each and every protect the troops right here at ho do more. take immediate responsibility fo finish the effort we began in Iraq be honest about what reconstructing BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must: verbs collocate: Dem F n protect, construct, invest, care, ensure, recognize, believe, provide I believe we need to but, rather, that we can Imagine if we could I think we should the recession and how we terrorism requires us to rs is eight times what we the same time, failing to ge this priority; we must e purposes, and instead is in Iraq, then we must stays out, then we must invest invest invest in rebuilding Iraq and protecting here at home. those dollars here at home and c those dollars here at home and help our way out of it; we are talking deeply, if you will, in homeland se in Pell Grants for our college stu in our children and grandchildren b in our children. it in homeland security- where it c in human rights. in the teachers of Afghanistan. BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
invest: verbs collocate: Dem F n here at home, in our children, in education I believe we need to but, rather, that we can Imagine if we could I think we should the recession and how we terrorism requires us to rs is eight times what we the same time, failing to ge this priority; we must e purposes, and instead is in Iraq, then we must stays out, then we must invest invest invest in rebuilding Iraq and protecting here at home. those dollars here at home and c those dollars here at home and help our way out of it; we are talking deeply, if you will, in homeland se in Pell Grants for our college stu in our children and grandchildren b in our children. it in homeland security- where it c in human rights. in the teachers of Afghanistan. BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must: verbs collocates: Dem M n stand, pay, forget, rebuild, engage, stabilize, stand, hold, dismantle, invest, envision And, yes, we must pay for what we broke. scourge of terrorism, we must pay for it in an honest way. responsibilities, but we must be prepared to pay for them. We must pay now for the costs of our e But we must be prepared to pay for the he $100 b We must now all pay the price of That is why we must pay now for the costs of BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must: verbs collocates: Dem M n n stand, pay, forget, rebuild, engage, stabilize, stand, hold, dismantle, invest, envision Mr Evans (Illinois): Just as we stand vigilant against any further terrorist acts we must stand together to protect the entitlements and benefits that protect the members of our armed services when they return home. (Debate, 5 Feb 2003) n n Mr. Scott (Georgia): … we must stand up for the taxpayer as well, and that is the convoluted position we are in. BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event 2003) (Debate, 15 Oct Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must: verbs collocates: Dem M n stand, pay, forget, rebuild, engage, stabilize, stand, hold, dismantle, invest, envision he American people. We must now invest in our economic growth is in this country. We must invest in America's economic future national security. We must invest more in the creation of a work BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
we must: verbs collocates: Dem M n stand, pay, forget, rebuild, engage, stabilize, stand, hold, dismantle, invest, envision Mr. De. Fazio […] They say [Reps] it is necessary for the security of the American people that we are going to borrow $20 billion in the name of working Americans to invest and stimulate the Iraqi economy, to build their infrastructure, roads, bridges, highways, state of the art telecommunications, sewer and electric. Well, it is not going to boost our economy here at home, and that is the security that my constituents and most Members' constituents are worried about (1 min speech, 17 Oct 2003) BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
In sum… which picture emerges? n Cross-examination: Lab (Gov/Bb) & Dem (F) q q n a tendency to emphasize on the consequences (“ethic of responsibility”? ? ) a tendency to resort to an “emotionally-loaded” language (“ethic of caring”? ? ) → hand-in-hand with a high degree of assertiveness; → subjectification (e. g. I believe - see Bevitori 2007, Miller and Johnson 2009 b) values of “caring” and “protection” do emerge in both male and female gendered discourse, but different collocational profiles point to different values (e. g. Lab: suffering; Dem we must + invest etc. . ). BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
a final note on method: lacunae n n n strength and weakness of corpora methods and their use in discourse analysis (Baker 2006: 17 -21) in this discourse domain: transcripts q q n n written, spoken, written to be spoken, hybrid? loss of prosodic features (Slembrouck 1992) possible speaker-idiosyncrasy (e. g. Clare Short) possible overgeneralization of data BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
Baker P. (2006), Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis, London: Continuum. Baxter J. (ed. ) 2006, Speaking Out. The Female voice in public contexts, London: Mc. Millan Bayley P. (ed. ) 2004, Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parliamentary Discourse, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Bayley P. , C. Bevitori 2009, 'Just War' or just 'war’: Arguments for Doing the 'Right Thing', in: J. Morley and P. Bayley (eds. ), pp. 74 -107. Bevitori C. 2007, Engendering conflict? A corpus-assisted analysis of women MPs positioning on the war in Iraq, in M. Dossena and A. Jucker (eds. ), (R)evolutions in Evaluation, Textus 20(1), pp. 137– 58. Butler J. 1990, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity, New York: Routledge. Eckert P. and S. Mc. Connell-Ginet 1992, Communities of Practice: where language, gender, and power all live, in K. Hall, M. Bucholtz and B. Moonwomon (eds. ), Berkely pp. 89 -99 Thanks! Select Reference Martin, J. R and P. R. R. , White 2005, The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English, London: Palgrave. Miller D. R. , J. H. Johnson 2009, Strict vs. Nurturing Parents? A Corpus-Assisted Study of Congressional Positioning on the war in Iraq, in J. Morley and P. Bayley (eds. ), pp. 34 -73. Miller D. R. and J. H Johnson 2009 b, Salient choice as probabilistic evaluative meaning: a corpusassisted study of Congressional debate, paper given at 21 st ESFL Conference & Workshop, 810 July, 2009 Cardiff. Morley J. and P. Bayley (eds. ) 2009, Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies on the Iraq conflict. Wording the War, New York/London: Routledge: New York/London Show S. 2000, “Language, gender and floor apportionment in political debates”, Discourse and Society 11 (3), 401 -418. Sunderland J. and L. Litoselliti (eds. ) 2003, Gender identity and discourse analysis: Theoretical and empirical issue” in L. Litoselliti and J. Sunderland pp. 3 -39 Thompson, G. and S. Hunston (eds. ) 2006, System and Corpus: Exploring Connections, London: Equinox. Walsh C. 2001, Gender and Discourse: Language and Power in Politics, the Church and Organisations, Longman: Harlow. BAAL Corpus Female Parliamentarians, in J. Holmes and M. Wodak R. 2003, Multiple identities: The Roles of. Linguistics Event Meyerhoff (eds. ), pp. 671 -698. Lancaster University, 30 March 2010
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