Gender Budgeting 101: Why Greater Equality Pays Off And Why It’s So Hard to Do World Bank-sponsored Global Network of PBOs Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan
The New Abnormal: “Slowth” Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 2
Why Practice Gender Budgeting? • Economic optimization – Growth from better resource allocation (L, K, tech) • Social efficiencies – Paid and unpaid labour, lower risk from broader access to basics • Fiscal improvements – Higher revenues, lower costs, less inequitable results • Greater Political Accountability – Ex ante target setting, ex post review, better data Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 3
Who Practices Gender Budgeting? • OECD 2016 survey: 12 nations (plus 1) – Austria, Belgium, Finland, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden…. since 2017 Canada • IMF survey: 23 nations, mostly non-OECD – Australia, India, Philippines, Bangladesh, Rep. of Korea, Albania, Macedonia, Ukraine, Morocco, Afghanistan, Timor, Leste, Rwanda, Uganda, Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, El Salvador Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 4
• • How To Do Gender Budgeting? Ex Ante Establish baseline: who gets what? Needs assessment Develop strategy: targets/timelines, resources Indicators to change: VAW Rates, Access to Utilities (water, fuel/energy, telcom); Health/education outcomes; % Budget on Housing, Child Care, Education; Labour Force Participation Rates; Wage Gap; Social Security (Pensions, jobless benefits); % of tax expenditures Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 5
How To Do Gender Budgeting? Ex Post • Shape budgetary process by assigning performance expectations (cf. fiscal “anchor” concept of debt to GDP), review resource allocation, measure incidence of budgetary measures • Within Finance, outside Finance (government/opposition/civil society); gender audit • Separate gendered analysis/documents or built into budget that review outcomes from previous budgets; progress on targets/timelines Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 6
Prioritize Focus on Expenses or Revenues? Cost/Benefit of Federal Spending • Women use/provide more public services BUT • Easier to calculate costs than benefits • Focus on taxes/tax expenditures more easily measured; can see who pays/gets tax cuts (“winners and losers”) • Incidence of benefits of services, costs of service loss harder to measure (time frame of benefit; distribution x age, gender, income, immigration, racial status) Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 7
Vermaeten: Fed Spending on Housing in 1994 was Redistributive, in $ or by % of Income Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 8
CCPA: Government Services Worth >2 x Incomes of Poorest Households, 2006 Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 9
“More Money In Your Pockets” – Whose Pockets? Who Do Tax Cuts Reach? • As of 2015 final tax statistics (2013 incomes) – 27. 7% of men did not have taxable income – 38. 9% of women did not have taxable income • Since 2008, data on income class plus gender no longer published Who do Services Reach? • Often we don’t know, by Age, By Sex, by Income; but typically women are more reliant on public services • Long-form Census is one source of data • Administrative data (ex. health care, education, social housing) • Only Census provides race, immigration status data Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 10
What Do You Need? • Ability to track past program specific spending – Public Accounts, Tax Expenditures • Ability to model costs/benefits of future proposals • Data • Interest of government/opposition • Resources: no $, no strategy Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 11
Does Size Matter? Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 12
Gender Budgeting 101 Takeaways • Within context of slowth and increasingly fractious politics, distributional considerations in budgets matter more than ever • Gender budgeting can improve economic performance, political accountability, but it requires more public spending • Budget measures that tackle gender inequality could become politically popular … but maybe not quickly Gender Budgeting 101 GN-PBO Webinar April 24, 2017 Armine Yalnizyan 13
Thank you for your time. Twitter @Armine. Yalnizyan
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