GBOU SOSH SCHOOL 2080 Ostafyevskay school Podolsk

GBOU SOSH SCHOOL № 2080 Ostafyevskay school Podolsk district GALAXY Done by: Solovieva Galina, Prodaniuk Doina 6 «B» . Check up : Nevstrueva Antonina Rostislavovna 2013 year

What is the galaxy? Galaxies are big star systems in which stars are connected with each other by gravitation forces. Proceeding from theory of the extending Universe, scientists established that galaxies started arising from gas-and-dust fogs 10 billion years ago. There are the galaxies including trillion stars. . .

White dwarfs— pro-evolving stars with a weight which isn't exceeding a limit of Chand rasekar (the maximum weight with which the star can exist as the white dwarf), deprived of own sources of thermonuclear energy. White dwarfs represent compact stars with a masses, comparable with a mass of the Sun, but with radiuses of ~100 and, respectively, svet imost by ~10 000 times smaller the solar. Density of white dwarfs makes 105 — 109 g/cm ³ that nearly a million times higher than density of usual stars of the main sequence. On number white dwarfs make, by different estimates, 3 — 10% of the star population of our Galaxy.

In 1844 the director of the Konigsberg observatory Friedrich Bessel found out that Sirius, the brightest star of the sky, periodically, though very poorly, deviates a rectilinear trajectory of movement on the heavenly sphere. Bessel came to a conclusion that Sirius has to have an invisible "dark" satellite, and the cycle time of both stars round the general center of masses has to be about 50 years. The message was met skeptically as the dark satellite remained not observable, and its weight had to be rather great — comparable with a mass of Sirius.

In the huge spherical star congestion M 4, at distance of 5600 light years from Earth, the planet is found in the double system consisting of the white dwarf and a neutron star. The white dwarf is well visible in a picture of a space telescope of Hubble, and the neutron star found on a radio emission, represents a pulsar. Earlier it was known that at double system from a pulsar and the white dwarf there is the third body. The detailed analysis of data of a space telescope of Hubble showed that it validly a planet which weight is 2, 5 times more than the weight of Jupiter. The age of a planet in such double system has to be about 13 billions years. In comparison with our solar system (approximate age 4, 5 billion years) and the planets opened at the next stars, the new planet is the oldest, almost same ancient, as the Universe. Planet opening in system with a neutron star and the white dwarf specifies that formation of planets in the Universe happened throughout its existence. Again opened planet, apparently, only one of spherical star congestions much in densely populated vicinities.

The Cat's eye opened in a space is the fog being at distance in 3000 light years from Earth in constellation of the Dragon of the northern hemisphere also is among most the first planetary fogs found by astronomers. Classical planetary a fog the nost - the Cat's eye (NGC 6543) is the last, short, but very bright stage in life stars. The dying star in the center of a fog could create simple structure from kontsentrichesthe ky covers rich with a dust, regularly dumping the external layers. But how the such was formed fine and difficult pattern, it isn't up to the end clear yet. Space eye, which on this accurate the image received by a telescope of Hubble, it is visible with such details, reaches in a bottom river transport worker more than a half of light year. Certainly, looking at the Cat's eye, astronomers see destiny and our Sun which during evolution has to create own planetary fog. approximately through 5 billions years.

God’s eye. Astronomers don't doubt - this beautiful object with dark "pupil" and blue "raduzhka" around is not than other, as informed to us from improbably far depths of space light of a helicoid fog of NGC 7293 formed after explosion of a star. From the explosion center - "pupil" - dust-like splinters scatter and gas streams, forming picture really similar to a human eye stream. And having remembered about aspiration of people to humanize even the Lord and to give it anthropomorphous lines, it is quite possible to consider this space cataclysm not human, and the God's Eye. After all NGC 7293 from above looks at us!

Black hole — physical object, result of theoretical researches. Nothing can escape from a black hole because of its gravitation, even light, even the sky, even Allah! It is opened by English priest John Michell "on a feather tip" in 1783, but then everything it was real not before. Later, already in the XX century, Shvartsshild returned to this subject, and now it already has on temper, at first physics, and then and to other fans of scientific exotic.

The solar eclipse — the astronomical phenomenon which is that the Moon closes (eclipses) in whole or in part the Sun from the observer on Earth. The solar eclipse is possible only in a new moon when the party of the Moon turned to Earth, isn't shined, and the Moon isn't visible. Eclipses are possible, only if the new moon occurs near one of two lunar knots (a point of intersection of visible orbits of the Moon and the Sun), not further than approximately in 12 degrees from one of them.

In a year on Earth can occur from 2 to 5 solar eclipses, from which no more than two — full or ring-shaped. On the average in hundred years there are 237 solar eclipses, from which 160 — private, 63 — full, 14 — ring-shaped. In a certain point of a terrestrial surface of an eclipse in a big phase occur rather seldom, total solar eclipses are even less often observed. So, in the territory of Moscow from XI to the XVIII century it was possible to observe 159 solar eclipses with a phase more than 0, 5, from which only 3 full (on August 11, 1124, on March 20, 1140 and on June 7, 1415). One more total solar eclipse occurred on August 19, 1887. The ring-shaped eclipse could be observed in Moscow on April 26, 1827. Very strong eclipse happened to a phase 0, 96 on July 9, 1945. The following total solar eclipse is expected in Moscow only on October 16, 2126 years. Already has on temper, at first physics, and then and to other fans of scientific exotic.

The plane of a galaxy is inclined to us Andromeda's Galaxy, as well as the Milky Way, belongs to Local group, and moves in the direction to the Sun with a speed of 300 km/s, thus, it treats the objects having violet shift. Having determined the direction of movement of the Sun by the Milky Way, astronomers found out that Andromeda's galaxy and our Galaxy come nearer to each other with a speed of 100 — 140 km/s. Respectively, collision of two galactic systems will happen approximately through 3 -4 billion years. If it occurs, both of them, most likely, will merge in one big galaxy. It isn't excluded that thus our Solar system will be thrown out in intergalactic space by powerful gravitational indignations. Destruction of the Sun and planets, most likely, at this catastrophic process won't happen at an angle 15 °, its visible size — 3, 2 × 1, 0, visible star size — +3, 4 m.

For of an Eagle. Dust educations in a fog of the Eagle gradually dissipate in space. Under the influence of star radiation these cold space "mountains" and the majestic columns reminding mythical animals were formed. On a photo one of several dust columns of a fog of the Eagle in whom in the presence of imagination it is possible to see the representative of a magic narodets is represented. This being, however, has the size ten light years and throws up radiation much more powerful, than usual fire. All fog of the Eagle, M 16, actually represents a huge evaporating gas cover from gas and a dust in which the growing cavity filled with area of a zvezdo-obrazovaniye contains. In it there is a formation of a scattered congestion of stars.

Stars are born in Fogs of the Eagle. On this image received by the Space telescope of Hubble in 1995, are visible evaporating gas globules (the English abbreviation of EGG - from evaporating gaseous globules - means egg), appearing of the columns formed by H 2 and a dust. Huge columns of some light years have so big density that the gas which was inside compresses under the influence of own inclination, forming stars. Powerful radiation of bright young stars on the end of each column evaporates the rarefied substance, baring a star day nursery from dense evaporating gas globule. The fog of the Eagle connected with the scattered star congestion M 16, is at distance of ~7 000 light years.

On the first photos of M 16 - fogs of the Eagle, received by Chandr's x-ray observatory, in this area are visible numerous x-ray sources. The most part of x-ray sources are active young stars. On a photo they are visible as the multicolored spots imposed on the well-known optical image of M 16, received by Hubble's telescope, imprinted "Creation pillars" of light year. For example, a blue source about top of a big column at the upper left - this young star shipped in it with a weight surpassing mass of the Sun from 4 to 5 times. However the majority of x-ray sources aren't in columns. It means that a few stars are shipped in dust structures. That columns generally empty, apparently testifies that the zvezdoobrazovaniye in a fog of the Eagle reached the maximum intensity a little millions years ago.

Milky Way. The Milky Way – a galaxy in which there is our Solar system. The galaxy received the name because Earth is in the galaxy plane and therefore she is visible in the sky as a haze strip (actually all stars, visible with the naked eye in the sky, lie in the Milky Way). That this haze is a congestion of a set of stars, Galilei in 1610 proved. That – only one of a set of galaxies, Edwin Hubble showed the Milky Way. The Milky Way – a spiral galaxy with a crossing point, with a diameter of 100 -120 thousand light years and about 1000 light years thick, containing 200 -400 billions stars. Recently it was proved that on the average all star systems of the Milky Way have at least one planet. Density of stars in the Milky Way sharply falls during removal for 40000 light years from the galaxy center. The reason of this phenomenon isn't known yet. The cycle time of all galaxy makes from 15 to 20 million years. Age of the Milky Way – about 13. 2 billions years so it is one of the first galaxies. In the center of a galaxy the crossing point settles down, from which four sleeves (probably, only two of them – full-fledged sleeves), consisting of stars, gas and a dust though prior to the beginning of the 90 th was considered that the Milky Way – a usual spiral galaxy depart. In the center of a galaxy there is small, but very massive source of powerful radiation the Sagittarius And *. Almost for certain it is a black hole.

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