Gasification and Pyrolysis Technologies A J Grimshaw March

Gasification and Pyrolysis Technologies A J Grimshaw March 08 Tony. grimshaw@energ. co. uk

Introduction • • Overview of Gasification and Pyrolysis Key Attributes of the Technologies? Technology Description Feedstock Preparation Requirements Emissions ROC Status Development Potential

Gasification And Pyrolysis - Overview • • ‘Gasification’ and ‘Pyrolysis’ describe a set of chemical reactions Both processes produce an energy carrying product stream comprising a liquid and a gas phase at ambient conditions. Both also produce a solid phase – char - which is a mixture of the ash content of the feed and carbon ‘deposited’ by the process. Both processes are covered by the Waste Incineration Directive ( WID ) Both are classified as Advance Conversion Technologies ( ACT ) for ROC’s. Limited penetration into the waste sector In general, technologies are suited to smaller scale applications

Gasification And Pyrolysis - Definition • • Gasification Sub stoichiometric combustion –( partial oxidation ) produces a product stream containing chemical energy in the form of hydrogen/carbon monoxide and methane. The energy concentration in the product stream is low due to the high Nitrogen content Pyrolysis Thermal decomposition in the absence of air – produces either a liquid ( low temperature ) or a gas Liquid product stream consists of a mixture of complex chemicals but gas product streams can have higher energy content then those produced from gasification

What is Gasification?

What is Gasification? • Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis

What is Gasification? • Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis • Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of: - hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide

What is Gasification? • Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis • Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of: - hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide • Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced?

What is Gasification? • Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis • Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of: - hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide • Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced? • Is the equipment type important?

What is Gasification? • Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis • Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of: - hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide • Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced? • Is the equipment type important? • Is direct combustion (close-coupled) of syngas gasification?

Energy From Waste Plant Utilising Gasification 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fuel bunker Fuel crane Screw conveyer Primary chamber (Gasification) Secondary chamber (High temperature oxidation) 6 Heat Recovery Steam generator (HRSG) Lime and carbon silo 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 11 Bag house filter Filter residue silo Flue gas fan Chimney Bottom ash extraction Steam turbine Air cooled condenser 7 9 10 8 2 3 14 6 5 1 4 13 12

A Gasification Waste to Energy Plant – Providing Energy for Industry

Feedstock Requirements • • • Effectiveness of processes requires high surface area and therefore floc or shredded materials are good Reasonable density ( > 0. 3 ) to assist in mechanical handling into and through plant Water content less than 30% is typical for both waste and technology requirements Most processes have greater reliability if metals and hard solids are removed. Some technologies do require a greater degree of feed preparation.

Emissions • • ACT’s are ‘more precise’ in the reaction chemistry particularly in terms of temperature and gas residence time Therefore this process control can result in a product stream containing low thermally produced contaminants eg NOX

TÜV Emission Measurements 2003 at ENERGOS Plants

ROC Status • • • ACTs ( Including AD ) qualify for ROCs ACT’s will qualify for ‘double ROCs’ after 1 st April, 2009 if the energy content of the syngas is > 4 MJ/m 3 but only one ROC if > 2 < 4 MJ/m 3 ROC’s are only awarded for the energy derived from the renewable portion of the waste Determining the energy contribution from the renewable portion of the feed is difficult and to date this has meant that no ROCs have been awarded to thermal ACT’s An option to ‘deem’ or ‘declare’ at 50% has been proposed, but even this will require some confirmation.

Example of a Gasification Process SECONDARY AIR GILLOTINE (FUEL THICKNESS ON GRATE) RECIRCULATED FLUE GAS O 2 = 7% t = 900°C to 1000°C 2 SEC @ 850°C WID COMP FLUE GAS FEED PLUNGER DUPLEX (TRANSPORT MECHANISM) SYNGAS l= 0. 5 H 2 = 5% CH 4 = 4% CO = 14% t 900 °C OIL COOLED GRATE

Development Potential • • • ACT’s all produce a product stream containing chemical energy and therefore offer the opportunity to utilise this not only in a steam cycle but in potentially more efficient processes. Dedicated prime movers – I/C engines/turbines have been tried but with limited success outside of Japan – bankability? ? The product streams could be transported to an offsite, high effeciency process – particularly pyrolysis liquids Fuel cells and injection into the gas grid are also being evaluated However the most attractive, and lowest technology risk, is the development of CHP schemes

Advantages The ENERGOS solution provides a number of advantages such as: • A local based solution for local waste arisings • Complements an integrated waste management system (does not discourage recycling) • Reduces the need for transfer stations and bulk haulage • Minimises the cost of pre-treating the feed waste • Decreases cost of transport and their related emissions • Reduces HGV traffic locally • Creates long term skilled employment opportunities • Small footprint and height (18 m) means the building does not dominate the skyline. • Dry APC means no visible plume.

Location of Plants Averøy Opened: 2000 Waste: 34, 000 t Energy: Steam/Elec. Forus Opened: 2002 Waste: 38, 000 t Energy: Steam/Elec. Ranheim Opened: 1997 Waste: 10, 000 t Energy: Steam Hurum Opened: 2001 Waste: 36, 000 t Energy: Steam Sarpsborg Opened: 2002 Waste: 75, 000 t Energy: Steam Isle of Wight* Opened: 2000 Waste: 30, 000 t Energy: Elec. * To be converted Minden Opened: 2001 Waste: 37, 000 t Energy: Steam

Ranheim Plant- 1997 Plant Description • Pilot plant built with support from the Research Council of Norway, the Department for the Environment and the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) • Fuel capacity: 10, 000 tonnes per year • Energy production: 25 GWh per year • Footprint 380 m 2 • Fuel bunker capacity 560 m 3 Ownership & Partners • ENERGOS AS 100% Waste Contracts • Local commercial waste • Paper waste from Peterson Ranheim Linerboard Energy Contracts • Peterson Ranheim Linerboard, a paper mill specializing in manufacturing paper from recycled cardboard

Averøy Plant- 2000 Plant Description • • • First commercial plant Partnership of local municipalities (estimated population 66, 000) Fuel capacity: 34, 000 tonnes per year Energy production: 65 GWh per year Footprint 1200 m 2 Ownership & Partners • • ENERGOS AS 90% NIR (community waste company) 10% Waste Contracts • • Municipal Solid Waste from Nordmøre Interkommunale Renovasjonsselskap (NIR), a waste management network comprising of 11 local municipalities of which Kristiansund is the largest Local commercial waste Energy Contracts • • Steam for Skretting AS, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Nutreco Group Electricity for local grid

Hurum Plant- 2001 Plant Description • • • First plant under standard design Fuel capacity: 36, 000 tonnes per year Energy production: 90 GWh per year Footprint 1200 m 2 Fuel bunker capacity 1300 m 3 Ownership & Partners • Daimyo AS Waste Contracts • • • Municipal Solid Waste ROAF, a waste management company owned by several municipalities north of Oslo Commercial waste from international flights to Oslo Airport Gardermoen (OSL) Industrial waste (paper rejects) from Hurum Fabrikker, Sundal Eker, and Peterson Moss Energy Contracts • Steam for Hurum Fabrikker AB, a paper manufacturer

Minden Plant- 2002 Plant Description • • • Turnkey supply with O&M Fuel capacity: 37, 000 tonnes per year Energy production: 110 GWh per year Ownership & Partners • ENERGOS Deutschland GMBH 100% (Owned by E. On group) Waste Contracts • • MSW (50%) RDF / SRF (50%) Energy Contracts • • BASF Pharma. Chemikalien GMBH Steam from the ENERGOS plant replaces 19 Million m 3 of natural gas

Forus Plant- 2002 Plant Description • • • First plant with integrated pre-treatment facilities Fuel capacity: 38, 000 tonnes per year Energy production: 86 GWh per year Footprint 1200 m 2 Fuel bunker capacity 1300 m 3 Ownership & Partners • Lyse Energi 44. 5% and IVAR IKS 44. 5% Westco 11% Waste Contracts • • Residual Municipal Solid Waste from IVAR IKS, a local waste collection company Local Commercial waste Energy Contracts • Lyse Energi AS Steam for district heating and electricity for the grid

Sarpsborg 1 Plant- 2002 Plant Description • • • First double-line plant Fuel capacity: 75, 000 tonnes per year Energy production: 190 GWh per year Footprint: 2100 m 2 Fuel bunker capacity: 2500 m 3 Ownership & Partners • Østfold Energi AS 100% Waste Contracts • Local municipal and industrial waste Energy Contracts • Borregaard Fabrikker, a large Norwegian industrial chemical firm Steam from the ENERGOS plant replaces 20, 000 tonnes of fuel oil

ENER-G Group The Group has 4 product areas and is organised into four divisions: • COGENERATION - Decentralised electricity generation with waste heat recovery • RENEWABLE ENERGY - Produced from landfill biogas and including mines gas • ENERGY EFFICIENCY - Intelligent energy management • ENERGY FROM WASTE - Energy recovery from waste residues Associated Companies: • Biogas Technology – landfill gas systems and flares • Eco. Methane – CO 2 trading. CDM projects in developing countries in conjunction with Renewable Energy

ENER-G Group International Operations • Based in UK – ECPL, ENPL, EE, UAL & Ef. W • Subsidiary in Netherlands – Nedalo ENER • G BV • Subsidiary in Poland – ENER • G Polska • Subsidiary in Norway – ENERGOS AS Joint Ventures • Spain – Hera ENER-G S. A. • South Africa – ENER-G Systems pte Agents • Northern Ireland (AC Automation Limited) • Republic of Ireland (Temp Technology Limited) • Spain (Icogen SA)