Gaia Engineering An Economic Approach to Solving

Gaia Engineering – An Economic Approach to Solving Planetary Problems ? ph ic m og ra De A Planet in Crisis Undeveloped Countries Ex pl os io n => ? Global population, consumption per capita and our footprint on the planet are exploding. Developed Countries This presentation describes an economic approach to solving the greatest problems facing this planet. John Harrison B. Sc. B. Ec. FCPA. FAICD Managing director of Tec. Eco and Chair of AASMIC Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 1

Gaia Engineering Presentation Messages Scientific consensus global warming Emissions reduction Earth is a homeostatic system The impact of anthropogenic materials flows on planetary system slows Efficiency Cost of alternative energy Cost of reducing emissions Runaway change? Risk management A Holistic approach with nature as our mentor? Cost of not reducing emissions The main natural sinks are oceans, plants etc. Wrong Think Again! Sequestration Abatement The significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them. " Albert Einstein Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 2

Our Ecological Footprint Exceeds Capacity Source: WWF State of the Planet, 2005 Our footprint is exceeding the capacity of the planet to support it. We are not longer sustainable and the environment is no longer sustainable – we must change our ways to survive. View further to discover how Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 3

The Carbon Cycle and Emissions from fossil fuels and cement production are a significant cause of global warming. We need to increase the sedimentary carbon sink Units: Gt. C/yr 4. 5 billion years of geological sequestration have resulted in 7% of the crust being carbonate After: David Schimel and Lisa Dilling, National Centre for Atmospheric Research 2003 Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 4

Global Warming Rises in the levels of greenhouse gases Are thought to be causing a rapid rise in temperature Correlation is not causation but--Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 5

CO 2 and Temperature Source of graphic: Hansen, J et. al. Climate Change and Trace Gases The correlation between temperature and CO 2 in the atmosphere over the last 450, 000 years is very good. All things being equal the simple answer is usually the right answer (Occam’s razor) Even if emissions reductions were to succeed we must still get the CO 2 out of the air. There are thermodynamic limits. Carbon rationing is a frightening adjunct and alternative. Who will be the global police? The best plan is a holistic one that reduces emissions and profitably balances the inevitable releases from our activities with massive sequestration. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 6

Global Oxygen Dr. Simon Torok CSIRO http: //www. csiro. au/files/mediarelease/mr 1999/ Oxygen. Measurements. htm Bruce C. Douglas (1997). "Global Sea Rise: A Redetermination". Surveys in Geophysics 18: 279292 Oxygen levels have fallen. 03% in the last 20 years and sea levels are rising. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 7

Water “ 1/3 of the world’s population are presently living in water stressed countries. Depending on the emission scenarios, climate scenarios and population change, it is estimated that up to 2/3 of the world’s population will be living in water stressed countries by 2050 as a result of climate change” Source of Graphic: Lean, Geoffrey, and Don Hinrichsen, 1994. Atlas of the Environment, Santa Barbara, CA: ABCCLIO, Inc. Source: Defra (2004). Scientific and Technical Aspects of Climate Change, including Impacts, Adaptation and Associated Costs. UK, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 8

Waste & Pollution Ü Ill health. Ü Contamination of global commons with dangerous molecules. Ü Increased traffic, noise, odours, smoke, dust, litter and pests. There are various estimates. The consensus is that we produce about 5 -600 billion tonnes of waste each year. Tec and Eco-Cements use waste. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 9

One Planet, Many People, Many Interconnected Problems Tec. Eco are in the BIGGEST Business on the Planet – Economic Solutions to our Energy, Global Warming, Water and Waste Problems. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 10

Urgent Fixes are Needed Ü Water – 1/3 of world population stressed for water – By 2050 2/3 due to global warming Ü Waste – Around 600 million tonnes. – The underlying moleconomic flow is poisoning our world All these problems are interconnected Ü CO 2 – Causing global temperature rises Ü Energy – Peak oil has passed and fossil fuel energy costs set to rise. To solve these problems we need to change the way we do things and what we do them with! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 11

Correlation Between WIP and Emissions World Industrial Product (deflated world `GDP' in real value - i. e. World physical production). CO 2 emissions (in CO 2 mass units: Doubling time = 29 years. Data: CDIAC; statistics: GDI. The correlation between the WIP and the CO 2 emissions is very high. The correlation coefficient r= 0. 995, i. e. practically 1 (total correlation). Di Fazio, Alberto, The fallacy of pure efficiency gain measures to control future climate change, Astronomical Observatory of Rome and the Global Dynamics Institute Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 12

We are Hooked On Fossil Fuel Energy Assuming Kyoto commitments are met (which is unlikely) it is estimated that global emissions will be 41% higher in 2010 than in 1990 ( Ford, M. , Matysek, A, Jakeman, G. , Gurney, A & Fisher B. S. 2006, Perspectives on International Climate Change, paper presented at the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics society 50 th Annual Conference. www. aares. info/files/2006_matysek. pdf. Emissions targets are unlikely to be met whilst fossil fuels remain A solution is needed of the utmost urgency to preserve history for many, many generations to come. Sir Richard Branson at the launch of the Virgin Earth Prize Gaia Engineering is the way to do so – John Harrison Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 13

Synopsis Ü We are too many and our influence too great. We must therefore accept our role of maintaining “spaceship earth” as planetary engineers and find ways of maintaining the level of carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases in the atmosphere at desirable levels. Ü We are too hooked on fossil fuels and cannot possibly arrest the alarming increases in carbon dioxide currently occurring through efficiency, emissions reduction or substitution by renewables. Ü We have a good chance of preserving the future if we mimic nature by finding uses for carbon and other wastes. Ü Uses for carbon and other wastes must result in a real value that puts profit in the pocket of a large number who will as a consequence wish to engage otherwise they cannot be implemented on the massive scale required. Ü The markets created must be insatiable, large and indefinitely continuing. Ü Building with anthropogenically created man made carbonate as promoted in this presentation is doable and most likely presents the only option we have for saving the planet from runaway global warming until such time as safe and reliable forms of energy alternative to fossil fuels can be developed, we more seriously take our relationship with the planet and our role as planetary engineers and custodians. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 14

The Earth System The earth system consists of positive and negative feedback loops. Anthroposphere Small changes caused by man such as CO 2 and other climate forcing as well as pollution impact right across all interconnected systems throughout the global commons. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 15

Earth Systems Science Earth Systems Atmospheric composition, climate, land cover, marine ecosystems, pollution, coastal zones, freshwater salinity etc. Source graphic: NASA Earth system science treats the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent systems (Wiki). These systems are ideally homeostatic. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 16

The Techno-Process Detrimental affects on earth Waste systems tonnes es llion 0 bi n tonn -60 50 billio ls e Mov some ria ate Use M Take ls Materia Underlying the techno-process that describes and controls the flow of matter and energy through the supply and waste chains are molecular stocks and flows. If out of synch with earth systems these moleconomic flows have detrimental affects. To reduce the impact on earth systems new technical paradigms need to be invented and cultural changes evolve that result in materials flows with underlying molecular flows that mimic or at least do not interfere with natural flows and that support rather than detrimentally impact on earth systems. I am contemplating profitable bottom up change of immense proportion and importance. John Harrison, Tec. Eco Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 17

Detrimental Impacts of the Techno-Process Detrimental Linkages that affect earth system flows Use impacts. Materials are in Take manipulat the Techno. Sphere Utility zone End of lifecycl e e and impact make s Materials are everything between the take and waste impacts and affect earth system flows. Greater Utility There is no such place as “away” Less Utility Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 18

Under Materials Flows in the Techno-Processes are Molecular Flows Take → Manipulate → Make → Use → Waste [ [ ←Materials flow→ ← Underlying molecular flow → ] ] If the underlying molecular flows are “out of tune” with nature there is damage to the environment e. g. heavy metals, cfc’s, c=halogen compounds and CO 2 Moleconomics is the study of the form of atoms in molecules, their flow, interactions, balances, stocks and positions. What we take from the environment around us, how we manipulate and make materials out of what we take and what we waste result in underlying molecular flows that affect earth systems. These flows should mimic, balance or minimally interfere with natural flows. To fix the molecular flows that are impacting our planet we must first fix the materials flows in a bottom up approach Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 19

Building and Construction Represents an Insatiable, Large and Indefinitely Continuing Market. Ü The built environment is made of materials and is our footprint on earth. – It comprises buildings and infrastructure. Ü Construction materials comprise – 70% of materials flows (buildings, infrastructure etc. ) – 40 -50% of waste that goes to landfill (15 % of new materials going to site are wasted. ) Ü Around 25 billion tonnes of building materials are used annually on a world wide basis. Ü The single biggest materials flow (after water) is concrete at around 17 billion tonnes or > 2 tonnes per man, woman and child on the planet. Why not use magnesium carbonate aggregates and building components from Greensols and Eco-Cements from Tec. Eco to bind them together? Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 20

Innovative New Materials - the Key to Sustainability The choice of materials for building and construction controls emissions, lifetime and embodied energies, user comfort, use of recycled wastes, durability, recyclability and the properties of wastes returned to the bio-geo-sphere. By changing how we make “things” and what we make them with we can fix the underlying molecular flows that are destroying the natural homeostasis of our planet Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 21

Economically Driven Sustainability $ - ECONOMICS - $ New, more profitable technical paradigms are required that result in more sustainable and usually more efficient moleconomic flows that mimic natural flows or better, reverse our damaging flows. Change is only possible economically. It will not happen because it is necessary or right. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 22

Consider Sustainability as Where Culture and Technology Meet Increase in demand/price ratio for greater sustainability due to cultural change. $ ECONOMICS We must rapidly move both the supply and demand curves for sustainability Equilibrium Shift Supply Greater Value/for impact (Sustainability) and economic growth Increase in supply/price ratio for more sustainable products due to technical innovation. Demand # A measure of the degree of sustainability is where the demand for more sustainable technologies is met by their supply. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 23

Changing the Technology Paradigm It is not so much a matter of “dematerialisation” as a question of changing the underlying moleconomic flows. We need materials that require less energy to make them, do not pollute the environment with CO 2 and other releases, last much longer and that contribute properties that reduce lifetime energies. The key is to change the technology paradigms “By enabling us to make productive use of particular raw materials, technology determines what constitutes a physical resource 1” 1. Pilzer, Paul Zane, Unlimited Wealth, Theory and Practice of Economic Alchemy, Crown Publishers Inc. New York. 1990 Or more simply – the technical paradigm determines what is or is not a resource! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 24

Cultural Change is Happening! Ü Al Gore (SOS) Ü CSIRO reports Ü STERN Report Ü Lots of Talkfest Ü IPCC Report Ü Political change Ü Branson Prize Ü Live Earth (07/07/07) The media have an important growing role Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 25

Changing the Techno-Process Take => manipulate => make => use => waste Driven by fossil fuel energy with take and waste impacts. By changing the technology paradigms we can change the materials flows and thus the underlying molecular flows. Reduce Re-use Recycle This is biomimicry! => Materials => The Flow of Atoms and Molecules in the global commons Moleconomics Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 26

Nature is our Mentor (Biomimicry) Ü All that is alive is very efficiently in balance with surrounding conditions including all else that is alive. – The waste from one plant or animal is the food or home for another. – Photosynthesis balances respiration. – Growth balances disintegration. Ü There is a strong need for similar efficiency and homeostatic balance in the techno process. – To balance emissions of carbon dioxide with uses and waste nothing that has no natural role on the planet. By studying Nature we learn who we are, what we are and how we are to be. ” (Wright, F. L. 1957: 269) Nature provides us with survival knowledge from a four billion year old experiment. It is this knowledge, not our genetics that is the key. John Harrison Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 27

Biomimicry - Geomimicry Ü The term biomimicry was popularised by the book of the same name written by Janine Benyus Ü Biomimicry is a method of solving problems that uses natural processes and systems as a source of knowledge and inspiration. Ü It involves nature as model, measure and mentor. Ü Geomimicry is similar to biomimicry but models geological rather than biological processes. The theory behind biomimicry is that natural processes and systems have evolved over several billion years through a process of research and development commonly referred to as evolution. A reoccurring theme in natural systems is the cyclical flow of matter in such a way that there is no waste of matter and very little of energy. Geomicry is a natural extension of biomimicry and applies to geological rather than living processes All natural processes are very economical. We must also be MUCH more economical Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 28

Biomimicry - Ultimate Recyclers Ü As peak oil starts to cut in and the price of transport rises sharply – We should not just be recycling based on chemical property requiring transport to large centralised sophisticated and expensive facilities – We should be including CO 2 and wastes based on physical properties as well as chemical composition in composites whereby they become local resources. Jackdaws and bower bird recycle all sorts of things they find nearby based on physical property. The birds are not concerned about chemical composition and the nests they make could be described as a composite materials. Tec. Eco cements are benign binders that can incorporate all sort of wastes without reaction problems and bind strongly to them by polar bonding with them. We can do the same as the Jackdaw or bower bird Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 29

Localized Low Transport Embodied Energy Materials No longer an option? As the price of fuel rises past peak oil, the use of localised low embodied energy materials for construction will have to be considered. We will have to mimic the jackdaw or bower bird. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 30

Utilizing Carbon and Wastes Ü During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals. Ü Sequestering carbon in calcium and magnesium carbonate materials and other wastes in the built environment mimics nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal structures of most plants and animals. In eco-cement concretes the binder is carbonate and the aggregates are preferably carbonates and wastes. This is “geomimicry” CO 2 C CO 2 Pervious pavement Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com Waste 31

Geomimicry Ü There are 1. 2 -3 grams of magnesium and about. 4 grams of calcium in every litre of seawater. Ü Carbonate sediments such as these cliffs represent billions of years of sequestration and cover 7% of the crust. Ü There is enough calcium and magnesium in seawater with replenishment to last billions of years at current needs for sequestration. Ü To survive we must build our homes like these seashells using CO 2 and alkali metal cations. This is geomimicry Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 32

Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers? Ü Large tonnages of carbon (7% of the crust) were put away during earth’s geological history as limestone, dolomite and magnesite, mostly by the activity of plants and animals. – Orders of magnitude more than as coal or petroleum! Ü Shellfish built shells from carbon and trees turn it into wood. Ü These same plants and animals wasted nothing – The waste from one is the food or home for another. Ü Because of the colossal size of the flows involved the answer to the problems of greenhouse gas and waste is to use them both in an insatiable, large and indefinitely continuing market. Ü Such a market exists for building and construction materials. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 33

Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers? Ü Such a paradigm shift in resource usage will not occur because it is the right thing to do. Ü It can only happen economically. Ü To put an economic value on carbon and wastes – We have not choice but to invent new technical paradigms such as offered by Tec. Eco and the Global Sustainability Alliance (Gaia Engineering). – Evolving culturally to effectively use these technical paradigms Ü By using carbon dioxide and other wastes as building materials we can economically reduce their concentration in the global commons. Materials are very important! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 34

Why Magnesium Carbonates? Ü Because of the low molecular weight of magnesium, it is ideal for scrubbing CO 2 out of the air and sequestering the gas into the built environment: Ü More CO 2 is captured than in calcium systems as the calculations below show. Seawater Reference Data Chloride (Cl--) 19 167 Sodium (Na+) Ü At 2. 09% of the crust magnesium is the 8 th most abundant element Ü Sea-water contains 1. 29 g/l compared to calcium at. 412 g/l Ü Magnesium compounds have low p. H and polar bond in composites making them suitable for the utilisation of other wastes. g/l H 20 Cation radius (pm) 10. 5 116 Sulfate (S 04 --) 2. 7 ? 1. 29 86 Calcium (Ca++) 0. 412 114 Potassium (K+) 0. 399 152 Magnesium (Mg++) Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 35

Making Carbonate Building Materials to Solve the Global Warming Problem Ü Magnesium materials from Gaia Engineering are potential low cost. New kiln technology from Tec. Eco will enable easy low cost simple non fossil fuel calcination of magnesium carbonate to make binders with the CO 2 recycling to produce more carbonate building material to be used with these binders. Ü How much magnesium carbonate would have to be deposited to solve the problem of global warming? – The annual flux of CO 2 is around 12 billion tonnes ~= 22. 99 billion tonnes magnesite – The density of magnesite is 3 gm/cm 3 or 3 tonne/metre 3 Ü 22. 9/3 billion cubic metres ~= 7. 63 cubic kilometres of magnesite would have to be deposited each year. Ü Compared to the over seven cubic kilometres of concrete we make every year, the problem of global warming looks surmountable. Ü If magnesite was our building material of choice and we could make it without releases as is the case with Gaia Engineering, we have the problem as good as solved! We must build with carbonate and waste Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 36

Only the Built Environment is Big Enough The built environment is our footprint, the major proportion of the techno -sphere and our lasting legacy on the planet. It comprises buildings and infrastructure Source of graphics: Nic Svenningson UNEP SMB 2007 Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 37

Building is Going Balistic! Source of graphic: Rick Fedrizzi SMB 2007 The relative impact of the built environment is rising as the East catches up with the West! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 38

Huge Potential for Sequestration and Waste Utilisation in the Built Environment Ü Reducing the impact of the take and waste phases of the techno-process by. – including carbon in materials Many wastes including CO 2 they are potentially carbon sinks. can contribute to physical – including wastes for properties reducing lifetime physical properties as energies well as chemical composition they become resources. – re engineering materials to reduce the lifetime energy CO 2 of buildings CO 2 Ü A durable low p. H high bonding binder system is required for effective waste utilisation such as Tec. Eco Tec and CO 2 Eco-Cements C CO 2 Pervious pavement Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com Waste 39

Gaia Engineering Flowchart Ca. O Industrial CO 2 Fresh Water Brine or Sea water Extraction Waste Acid or Bitterns Extraction inputs and outputs depending on method chosen Tec. Eco Tec-Kiln Mg. CO 3 and Ca. CO 3 “Stone” Portland Cement Manufacture Mg. O Clays Tec. Eco Cement Manufacture Eco. Cements Valuable Commodity Salts or hydrochloric acid. Building waste Tec. Cements Building components & aggregates Other waste Built Environment 40

The Gaia Engineering Tececology Industrial Ecologies are generally thought of as closed loop systems with minimal or low impacts outside the ecology The Gaia Engineering tececology could be thought of as an open technical ecology designed to reverse major damaging moleconomic and other system flows outside the tececology The Gaia Engineering tececology is not closed and is designed to reverse damaging moleconomic flows outside the ecology LIKE A GIANT ECOLOGICAL PUMP Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 41

The Gaia Engineering Process Inputs: Atmospheric or industrial CO 2, brines, waste acid or bitterns, other wastes Outputs: Gaia Engineering delivers profitable outcomes whilst reversing underlying undesirable moleconomic flows from other less sustainable techno-processes outside the tececology. Carbonate building materials, potable water, valuable commodity salts. Carbonate building components CO 2 Mg. O Eco-Cement Solar or solar derived energy CO 2 Tec. Eco Mg. CO 2 Cycle Tec. Eco Kiln Mg. CO 3 Coal Fossil fuels Carbon or carbon compounds Oil Magnesium compounds Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com CO 2 Extraction Process 1. 29 gm/l Mg. 412 gm/l Ca 42

Gaia Engineering Introduction Ü Gaia engineering is a combination of new technologies including – – A Carbon capture process Tec. Eco’s Tec-Kiln technology and cements Carbon dioxide scrubbing technologies Tec. Eco' Eco-Cements Ü Gaia engineering profitably geomimics past planetary geological processes and adopted on a large scale will: – Sequester significant amounts of atmospheric CO 2 – Produce valuable by-products – Convert large volumes of waste to valuable resource Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 43

Carbon Capture Front End Ü Gaia Engineering starts with a process to sequester carbon dioxide using the magnesium contained in bitterns, seawater or brine and to date there are many candidate methods that all require further research and development. – The Greensols process which involves chemical precipitation – A pyrohydrolysis process that can be run in association with salt manufacture – An ultra high speed centrifuge process and a – Biomimetic process. Ü Outputs will vary according to the ultimate process selected for the concentration of CO 2 needed for both Gaia Engineering and “Clean Coal” and are as hereunder: – Greensols - sodium bicarbonate, mineral salts, carbonate building materials and aggregates, Eco-Cements and fresh water – Ultra Centrifuges - provided materials can be found to withstand the forces involved, potentially similar outputs as the Greensols process. – Hydropyrolysis - magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid. The magnesium oxide can be used for sequestration and hydrochloric acid is used in industry. – Biomimetic Routes – calcium and magnesium carbonates. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 44

Gaia Engineering – Greensols Front End Waste Acid CO 2 from power generation or industry Other salts Na+, K+, Ca 2+, Cl- Simplified Tec. Eco Reactions Tec-Kiln Mg. CO 3 → Mg. O + CO 2 - 118 k. J/mole Reactor Process Mg. O + CO 2 → Mg. CO 3 + 118 k. J/mole (usually more complex hydrates) Solar Process to Produce Magnesium Metal Greensols Seawater Carbonation Process. Mg. O Production using solar energy Magnesite (Mg. CO 3) (Mg. CO 2) Cycle CO 2 Tec-Reactor Hydroxide / Carbonate slurry process 1. 354 x 109 km 3 Seawater containing 1. 728 1017 tonne Mg or suitable brines from other sources Bicarbonate of Soda (Na. HCO 3) Gypsum + carbon waste (e. g. sewerage) = fertilizers Gypsum (Ca. SO 4) Sewerage compost CO 2 + H 2 O => Energy rich biomass using blue green algae Magnesia (Mg. O) CO 2 from power generation, industry or out of the air Sequestration Table – Mg from Seawater Tonnes CO 2 sequestered by 1 billion tonnes of Mg in seawater 1. 81034 Tonnes CO 2 captured by eco-cement Other Wastes Billion Tonnes CO 2 captured during calcining (same as above) 1. 81034 Total tonnes CO 2 sequestered or abated per tonne Mg in seawater (Single calcination cycle). 3. 62068 Total tonnes CO 2 sequestered or abated (Five calcination cycles. ) 18. 1034 Total tonnes CO 2 sequestered or abated (Ten calcination cycles). Eco-Cement Tec-Cement Tonnes CO 2 sequestered per tonne magnesium with various cycles through the Tec. Eco Tec-Kiln process. Assuming no leakage Mg. O to built environment (i. e. complete cycles). 36. 20 Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 45

Gaia Engineering – Greensols Front End Inputs Brines Waste Acid Wastes CO 2 Outputs Gypsum, Sodium bicarbonate, Salts, Building materials, Potable water Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 46

Greensols Carbon Capture Ü The hydrogen bonding in water keeps oppositely charged ions from combining. Water “dissolves” them. Ü Strongly charged ions such as calcium, magnesium and carbonate attract hydration shells of water around them. For example magnesium and calcium ions polar bond to oxygen and the negative carbonate ion polar bonds to hydrogen. These bonds can propagate through several layers of water and are strong enough to prevent the formation of calcium and magnesium carbonates even from supersaturated solutions. Ü The Greensols process uses waste acid to de-polarise a statistical proportion of water molecules by attaching a proton to them whereby positively charged sodium, calcium or magnesium ions as well as negatively charged ions including carbonate ions are released, can combine and thus precipitate. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 47

Greensols Carbon Capture Hydration shelling of water occurs around calcium or magnesium ions because of the strong charge of especially magnesium to the oxygen end of water Similar hydration shelling occurs around the negative carbonate ion through polar bonding to the hydrogen ends of water Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 48

Greensols Carbon Capture The addition of a proton to water using strong waste acid results in its de polarisation whereby it no longer electronically holds as many ions (sodium, calcium, magnesium or carbonate etc. ) statistically releasing them and allowing them to combine and precipitate as carbonates and other more valuable salts leaving behind essentially fresh water Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 49

Greensols Carbon Capture = + Mg ++ + CO 3 __ => Mg. CO 3 The statistical release of both cations and anions results in precipitation of for example magnesium carbonate as shown above. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 50

Advantages of Greensols over Reverse Osmosis GREENSOLS REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION Low energy costs - Does not work against the electronic forces in water. Relatively high energy costs - Works against the hydrogen bonding of water to separate it from its ions Low maintenance - The plant consists of low cost replaceable pumps High Maintenance - The membranes need cleaning and changing at regular intervals. No damaging or dangerous outputs Highly saline water is potentially damaging Value adds include fresh water, sequestration, valuable salts and building products The only value add is fresh water Tell somebody with influence today! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 51

The Tec-Reactor Hydroxide Carbonate Slurry Process Ü The solubility of carbon dioxide gas in seawater – Increases as the temperature approached zero and – Is at a maxima around 4 o. C Ü This phenomenon is related to the chemical nature of CO 2 and water and Ü Can be utilised in a carbonate – hydroxide slurry process to capture CO 2 out of the air and release it for storage or use in a controlled manner Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 52

The Mg. CO 2 Process (Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle) The Mg. CO 2 (magnesium thermodynamic cycle) is very important for sequestration and results in the formation of valuable building product TOTAL CALCINING ENERGY Relative to Mg. CO 3 Theoretical = 1480 k. J. Kg With inefficiencies = 1948 k. J. Kg-1 Tec-Kiln CO 2 Eco-Cements CO 2 + H 2 O => Hydrocarbons compounds using algae Magnesite Dehydration Calcination Representative of other hydrated mineral carbonates Magnesia Nesquehonite Carbonation Mg(OH)2. n. H 2 O +CO 2 +2 H 2 O => Mg. CO 3. 3 H 2 O Brucite ΔH = - 37. 04 k. J. mol ΔG = - 19. 55 k. J. mol Calcification Mg. CO 3 => Mg. O + CO 2 ΔH = 118. 28 k. J. mol-1 ΔG = 65. 92 k. J. mol-1 Hydration Mg. O + H 2 O => Mg(OH)2. n. H 2 O ΔH = - 81. 24 k. J. mol ΔG = - 35. 74 k. J. mol Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 53

The Tec. Eco Tec-Kiln Technology Ü Runs at low temperatures minimising the development of lattice CO 2 + H 2 O => Hydrocarbons energy. Mg. O compounds using Ü Can be powered by various Production algae using solar non fossil sources of energy such as solar energy or waste heat. Ü Grinds and calcines at the same time thereby operating 25% to 30% more efficiently. Ü Captures CO 2 for return to the Greensols process, bottling or use for fuel manufacture using algae and other life forms or other purposes. Ü The products – Ca. O and/or Mg. O can be used to sequester more CO 2 in the Mg. CO 2 process which can be repeated. Ü Suitable for making the reactive Mg. O used in Tec. Eco cements. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 54

Eco-Cement CO 2 Release and Capture Eco-Cement – With Capture during Manufacture Eco-Cement – No Capture during Manufacture CO 2 capture (Greensols process etc) CO 2 Mg. CO 3. 3 H 2 O H 2 O Mg(OH)2 H 2 O Carbon neutral except for carbon from process emissions H 2 O Mg. CO 3. 3 H 2 O CO 2 from atmosphere H 2 O Mg(OH)2 H 2 O Net sequestration less carbon from process emissions Use of non fossil fuels => Low or no process emissions Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 55

Gaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon Cycle CO 2 in the air and water Cellular Respiration burning and Photosynthesis decay by plants and algae Decay by fungi and bacteria Limestone coal and oil burning Organic compounds made by autotrophs Cellular Respiration Gaia Engineering, (Greensols, Tec. Eco Kiln and Eco-Cements) Organic compounds made by heterotrophs Consumed by heterotrophs (mainly animals) Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 56

Outcomes from Gaia Engineering As the proportion of man made carbonate used in the built environment increases. Critical 450 ppm, level => CO 2 in the atmosphere will start to fall. These figures are obviously rubbery, but we hope you get the idea! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 57

Tec. Eco Binder Systems SUSTAINABILITY PORTLAND POZZOLAN Hydration of the various components of Portland cement for strength. DURABILITY Reaction of alkali with pozzolans (e. g. lime with fly ash. ) for sustainability, durability and strength. TECECO CEMENTS STRENGTH Tec. Eco concretes are a system of blending REACTIVE MAGNESIA reactive magnesia, Hydration of magnesia => brucite for strength, workability, Portland cement and dimensional stability and durability. In Eco-cements carbonation of brucite => nesquehonite, lansfordite and usually a pozzolan with other materials and are an amorphous phase for sustainability. a key factor for sustainability. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 58

Emissions from Cement Production Ü Chemical Release – The process of calcination involves driving off chemically bound CO 2 with heat. CO 2 Ca. CO 3 →Ca. O + ↑CO 2 Ü Process Energy – Most energy is derived from fossil fuels. – Fuel oil, coal and natural gas are directly or indirectly burned to produce the energy required releasing CO 2. Ü The production of cement for concretes accounts for around 10% of global anthropogenic CO 2. – Pearce, F. , "The Concrete Jungle Overheats", New Scientist, 19 July, No 2097, 1997 (page 14). Arguments that we should reduce cement production relative to other building materials are nonsense because concrete is the most sustainable building material there is. The challenge is to make it more sustainable. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 59

Embodied Energy of Building Materials Concrete is relatively environmentally friendly and has a relatively low embodied energy Downloaded from www. dbce. csiro. au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied. htm (last accessed 07 March 2000) Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 60

Average Embodied Energy in Buildings Most of the embodied energy in the built environment is in concrete. Because so much concrete is used there is a huge opportunity for sustainability by reducing the embodied energy, reducing the carbon debt (net emissions), incorporating waste and improving properties that reduce lifetime energies. Downloaded from www. dbce. csiro. au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied. htm (last accessed 07 March 2000) Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 61

Cement Production ~= Carbon Dioxide Emissions Exponential growth Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements Tec. Eco can provide a viable much more sustainable alternative. Source data: USGS Minerals Yearbook Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 62

Tec & Eco-Cement Theory Ü Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) is too soluble, mobile and reactive. – It carbonates, reacts with Cl- and SO 4 - and being soluble can act as an electrolyte. Ü Tec. Eco generally (but not always) remove Portlandite using the pozzolanic reaction and Ü Tec. Eco add reactive magnesia – which hydrates, consuming significant water and concentrating alkalis forming Brucite which is another alkali, but much less soluble, mobile or reactive than Portlandite. Ü In Eco-Cements brucite carbonates forming hydrated compounds with greater volume Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 63

Tec. Eco Cements Ü Tec-cements (Low Mg. O) – contain more Portland cement than reactive magnesia. Reactive magnesia hydrates in the same rate order as Portland cement forming Brucite which uses up water reducing the voids: paste ratio, increasing density and possibly raising the short term p. H. – Reactions with pozzolans are more affective. After all the Portlandite has been consumed Brucite controls the long term p. H which is lower and due to it’s low solubility, mobility and reactivity results in greater durability. – Other benefits include improvements in density, strength and rheology, reduced permeability and shrinkage and the use of a wider range of aggregates many of which are potentially wastes without reaction problems. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 64

Tec. Eco Cements Ü Eco-cements (High Mg. O) – contain more reactive magnesia than in tec-cements. Brucite in permeable materials carbonates forming stronger fibrous mineral carbonates and therefore presenting huge opportunities for waste utilisation and sequestration. The low p. H and high hydrogen bonding make Eco-Cements ideal for binding other materials including most wastes. Ü Enviro-cements (High Mg. O) – contain similar ratios of Mg. O and OPC to eco-cements but in non permeable concretes brucite does not carbonate readily. – Higher proportions of magnesia are most suited to toxic and hazardous waste immobilisation and when durability is required. Strength is not developed quickly nor to the same extent. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 65

Strength with Blend & Porosity Tec-cement concretes Eco-cement concretes High OPC Enviro-cement concretes High Porosity High Magnesia STRENGTH ON ARBITARY SCALE 1 -100 Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 66

Converting Waste to Resource Ü Tec. Eco cements represent a cost affective option for using localised low impact materials and wastes – Reducing transports costs and emissions Ü Magnesium hydroxide in particular and to some extent the carbonates are less reactive and mobile and thus result in much more durable concretes – – Lower solubility Lower reactivity Bleed less Lower p. H Ü The incredible stick as a result of polar bonding also adds to their ability to bind wastes. Tec. Eco Technology - Converting Waste to Resource Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 67

Carbonation of Eco-Cements Ü Have high proportions of reactive magnesium oxide Ü Carbonate like lime but generally used in a 1: 5 -1: 12 paste basis because much more carbonate “binder” is produced. Ü Consider nesquehonite the main phase: Mg. O + H 2 O <=> Mg(OH)2 + CO 2 + 2 H 2 O <=> Mg. CO 3. 3 H 2 O Mostly CO 2 40. 31+ liquid <=> 58. 31 + gas <=> 138. 36 molar mass (at least!) and 11. 2 + liquid <=> 24. 29 + gas <=> 74. 77 molar volumes (at least!) water Ü 668% expansion relative to Mg. O or 308 % expansion relative to Mg(OH)2 (ex water or gas volume reduction) Ü Total volumetric expansion from magnesium oxide to lansfordite is even more at 811%. Mg. O + H 2 O <=> Mg(OH)2 + CO 2 + 4 H 2 O <=> Mg. CO 3. 5 H 2 O Ü Because magnesium has a low molecular weight, proportionally a much greater amount of CO 2 is captured per mole of Mg. O than lime or any other carbonate. Ü Carbonation adds considerable strength and some steel reinforced structural concrete could be replaced with fibre reinforced permeable carbonated concrete. As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine (Pearce, F. , 2002), “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 68

Carbonation is Proportional to Porosity an Time % Carbonation Rate Time Macro Porosity Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 69

Eco-Cement Strength Development Ü Eco-Cements gain early strength from the hydration of PC. Ü Later strength comes from the carbonation of brucite forming an amorphous phase, lansfordite and nesquehonite. Ü Strength gain in Eco-Cements is mainly microstructural because of – More ideal particle packing (Brucite particles at 4 -5 micron are under half the size of cement grains. ) – The natural fibrous and acicular shape of magnesium carbonate minerals which tend to lock together. – Both the carbonates and hydroxide of magnesium have strong polar bonding. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 70

Cements Net Emissions/Sequestration Compared Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 71

CO 2 Abatement in Eco-Cement Blocks For 85 wt% Aggregates Portland Cements 15 wt% Cement Eco-cements in permeable products absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Brucite carbonates forming lansfordite, nesquehonite and an amorphous phase, completing thermodynamic cycle. 15 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate Emissions. 32 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately. 299 tonne to the tonne. No Capture 11. 25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3. 75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions. 37 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately. 241 tonne to the tonne. Capture CO 2 11. 25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3. 75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions. 25 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately. 140 tonne to the tonne. Capture CO 2. Fly and Bottom Ash 11. 25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3. 75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions. 126 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately. 113 tonne to the tonne. Greater Sustainability . 299 >. 241 >. 140 >. 113 Bricks, blocks, pavers, mortars and pavement made using eco-cement, fly and bottom ash (with capture of CO 2 during manufacture of reactive magnesia) have 2. 65 times less emissions than if they were made with Portland cement. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 72

Tec. Eco Technology in Practice By Taus Larsen, (Architect, Low Carbon Network Ltd. ) => Earthship Brighton, UK The Low Carbon Network (www. lowcarbon. co. uk) was established to raise awareness of the links between buildings, the working and living patterns they create, and global warming and aims to initiate change through the application of innovative ideas and approaches to construction. England’s first Earthship is nearly completed in southern England outside Brighton at Stanmer Park and Tec. Eco technologies have been used for the floors and some walling. Earthships are exemplars of low-carbon design, construction and living and were invented and developed in the USA by Mike Reynolds over 20 years of practical building exploration. They are autonomous earthsheltered buildings independent from mains electricity, water and waste systems and have little or no utility costs. For information about the Earthship Brighton and other projects please go to the Tec. Eco web site. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 73

Earthship Brighton The first building in the world made with Eco-Cement which sets by absorbing CO 2 and wastes Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 74

Tec-Cement Slab Whittlesea, Vic. Australia => Tec-Cement Concrete Slabs On 17 th March 2005 Tec. Eco poured the first commercial slab in the world using tec-cement concrete with the assistance of one of the larger cement and premix companies. – The formulation strategy was to adjust a standard 20 MPa high fly ash (36%) mix from the company as a basis of comparison. – Strength development, and in particular early strength development was good. Interestingly some 70 days later the slab is still gaining strength at the rate of about 5 MPa a month. – Also noticeable was the fact that the concrete was not as "sticky" as it normally is with a fly ash mix and that it did not bleed quite as much. – Shrinkage was low. 7 days - 133 micro strains, 14 days - 240 micro strains, 28 days - 316 micros strains and at 56 days - 470 microstrains. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 75

Tec. Eco Technology in Practice - Whittlesea, Vic. Australia => Eco-Cement Mud Bricks First Eco-cement mud bricks and mortars in Australia – Tested up twice as strong as the PC controls – Mud brick addition rate 2. 5% – Addition rate for mortars 1: 8 not 1: 3 because of molar ratio volume increase with Mg. O compared to lime. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 76

Tec. Eco Technology in Practice – AMC Hire Tilt Up Panels => Tec-Cement Tilt Ups Our Tec. Cement concrete tilt ups are free of plastic cracking, obvious bleed marking and other defects. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 77

Tec & Eco Cement Foamed Concretes => Foamed Concretes BUILD LITE CELLULAR CONCRETE 4 Rosebank Ave Clayton Sth MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA 3169 PH 61 3 9547 0255 FX 61 3 9547 0266 Foamed Tec. Eco cement concretes can be produced to about 30% weight reduction in concrete trucks using cellflow (or equivalents) or to about 70% weight reduction using a foaming machine with mearlcrete (or equivalents). Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 78

Tec & Eco Cement Foamed Concrete => Foamed Concretes Slabs Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 79

Tec & Eco Cement Foamed Concretes => Foamed Concretes Foam infill in steel frames. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 80

Tec. Eco Technology in Practice => Topping Coats Tec-Cement concretes exhibit little or no shrinkage. At 10% substitution of Mg. O for PC the shrinkage is less than half normal. At 18% substitution with no added pozzolan there was no measurable shrinkage or expansion. The above photo shows a tec-cement concrete topping coat (with no flyash) 20 mm thick away from the door and 80 mm thick near the door. Note that there has been no tendency to push the tiles or shrink away from the borders as would normally be the case. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 81

Tec. Eco Technology in Practice => Waterproofing Render The Clifton Surf Life Saving Club was built by first pouring footings, On the footings block walls were erected and then at a later date concrete was laid in between. As the ground underneath the footings was sandy, wet most of the time and full of salts it was a recipe for disaster. Predictably the salty water rose up through the footings and then through the blocks and where the water evaporated there was strong efflorescence, pitting, loss of material and damage. The Tec. Eco solution was to make up a formulation of eco-cement mortar which we doctored with some special chemicals to prevent the rise of any more moisture and salt. The solution worked well and appears to have stopped the problem. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 82

Tec. Eco Technology in Practice => Our First Slab Ever! Mike Burdon, Builder and Plumber. Mike works for a council interested in sutainability and has been involved with Tec. Eco since around 2001 in a private capacity helping with large scale testing of Tec. Eco teccements at our shack. Mike is interested in the potentially superior strength development and sustainability aspects. To date Mike has poured two slabs, footings, part of a launching ramp and some tilt up panels using formulations and materials supplied by John Harrison of Tec. Eco. Mike believes that research into the new Tec. Eco cements essential as he has found: 1. The rheological performance even without plasticizer was excellent. As testimony to this the contractors on the site commented on how easy the concrete was to place and finish. 2. The formulations are extremely easy to pump and place. Once in position they appeared to “gel up” quickly allowing stepping for a foundation to a brick wall. 3. Strength gain was more rapid than with Portland cement controls from the same premix plant and continued for longer. 4. The surfaces of the concrete appeared to be particularly hard and Mike attributes this to the fact that much less bleeding was observed than would be expected with a Portland cement only formulation Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 83

Tec. Eco Technology in Practice => Concrete Bricks, Blocks and Pavers Tec. Eco Tec and Eco. Cement bricks, blocks and pavers are now being made commercially in Tasmania and with freight equalization may be viable to ship to the mainland for your “green” project. Otherwise we may be able to get a local manufacturer to make them for you. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 84

Tec. Eco-Cement Permecocrete => Permecocrete Allow many mega litres of good fresh water to become contaminated by the pollutants on our streets and pollute coastal waterways Or Capture and cleanse the water for our use? Tec. Eco have now perfected pervious pavements that can be made out of mono-graded recycled aggregates and other wastes and that sequester CO 2. It does not get much greener! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 85

Tec. Eco-Cement Permecocrete - Mimicking Nature Water feature keeps water clean All rainwater redirected to pavement filter Permecocrete pervious pavement Pump Water storage e. g. under drive Ü Permecocrete is made with Eco-Cements that set by absorbing CO 2 and can use recycled aggregates. It does not get any greener! Ü Freedom from water restrictions – forever! Ü Pure fresh water from your own block. Ü Filtration through Permecocrete and water feature in garden will keep water pure and fresh. Ü Cooler house and garden (cycle under slab for house cooling/heating option). Ü Lower infrastructure costs for local council. 86

Tec. Eco Permecocrete – Biomicking Nature Pavements are not just for vehicles. They must do much more CO 2 CO 2 Sequestration Cleansing microbial activity and oxygenation Cooling Evaporation Moisture retention The substrate must be properly designed Optional groundwater recharge Optional impervious layer, underground drainage and storage. Dual water supply or parks etc. only. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 87

Holistic Roads for the Future In Australia we run many duplicate services down each side of a road. Given the high cost of installing infrastructure it would be smarter to adopt a system whereby services run down the middle of a road down what amount to giant box culverts. Conventional bitumen or concrete footpath pavement Pervious Eco. Cement concrete pavement (Permecocrete) surface using recycled aggregates Possible leakage to street trees and underground aquifers Services to either side of the road. All in same trench of conduit Impermeable layer (concrete or plastic liner) angling for main flow towards collection drains Service conduit down middle of road Collection drains to transport drain or pipe in service conduit at intervals Pervious gravel under for collection, cleansing and storage of water Foamed Eco-Cement concrete root redirectors and pavement protectors. Roots will grow away from the foamed concrete because of its general alkalinity. It will also give to some extent preventing surface pavement cracking. Its time for a road re think! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 88

So Far - Has Anything Really Changed? Ü Building materials and methods have not really changed much in spite of all the pretense about sustainability. – So far mostly green wash. Ü Big improvements in our understanding of the importance of design but Ü No real paradigm shifts in technology with perhaps a few exceptions – Neon light globes – Solar panels etc. Ü To solve sustainability problems of the magnitude we have we must change the paradigm from the bottom up. – We have to do things very differently!! Ü Tec. Eco’s answer is to convert waste and CO 2 to resource by building with them. There is enormous scope for change in the built environment Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 89

What is Stopping Us? Ü A lack of awareness Ü The conservative nature of players in the industry Ü Prescription standards, regulation etc. Ü Lack of government leadership – Politics – Legacy subsidies for non sustainable materials and practices Ü Failure by leaders in the market to buy sustainability – Economies of scale – Short term rather than long term Ü A disconnect between builders and users Ü A chronic lack of skills in the industry to take up new more sustainable technologies We are holding ourselves down! We must change from the bottom up! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 90

A Sustainable Built Environment CO 2 + H 2 O => Hydrocarbons compounds using bacteria CO 2 GREENSOLS MAGNESIUM CARBONATE “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”. Fred Pearce, New Scientist Magazine TECECO KILN Mg. O ECO-CEMENT CONCRETES RECYCLED BUILDING MATERIALS OTHER WASTES PERMANENT SEQUESTRATION & WASTE UTILISATION (Man made carbonate rock incorporating wastes as a building material) Pareto’s principle 80% of the build environment in non structural and could be carbonate from Greensols held together by Eco. Cements SUSTAINABLE CITIES Made with manufactured carbonate and waste! Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 91

A Post – Carbon Age As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine (Pearce, F. , 2002), “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”. Downloadable from www. tececo. com & www. gaiaengineering. com 92