Future Comforts Policy Studies Institute Do you want

Future Comforts: Policy Studies Institute Do you want to control the Temperature? Max Fordham

• We can provide control of temperature • People have preferences • Control of temperature uses fossil fuel! But. . . People are adaptable How much control do we need?

Heat Exchange of the Body with the Environment 1 k. W/m 2 Short Wave Radiation from the Sun RESPIRATION RADIATION Wet Air Dry Air EVAPORATION 35ºC 25ºC CONVECTION

Comfort Research Summary • Bedford • Webb Air temperature & Radiation UK, Early 20 th century Equatorial Comfort Index: Wet bulb temperature= Enthalpy • ASHRAE Air temperature, Humidity, Air speed. (Statistics), US, Mid 20 th century • Belding & Hatch All Parameters, Simple Physics US, Mid 20 th century • Ole Fanger All Parameters ISO 7730. Recent. • Dusan Fiala Develop Fanger add involuntary reactions. Recent. • ASHRAE Consider Voluntary Reactions.

Comfort Conditions by Fanger Hot comfort boundary Cold comfort boundary

Psychrometric Chart Air leaving Body (35°C, 100% r. H. ) n tio ora Ev ap En th Singapore (28°C, 90% r. H. ) 21. 5 61 Co nv ec tio n Sp e cif ic 83 Saudi Arabia (46°C, 20% r. H. ) 51 Average UK Winter (10°C, 20% r. H. ) Room Condition (25°C, 50% r. H. ) 14 13. 5 10 Room UK Winter (20°C, 10% r. H. ) 1. 5 Dry Bulb Temperature [°C] 10 20 30 40 Moisture Content [g Water/kg Air] alp y[ k. J /kg ] 129

Anecdotes • Otterbourne 30 C not enough to open sash windows • 43 Gloucester Crescent Is it really 30 C? • Hong Kong Teaching 27 C 56% RH radiant temp =air temp Light clothes: no adjustment wanted 20 building professionals QED

References [1] Fordham S M. Building Physics - Reducing air conditoining needs in extreme climates. CIBSE Conference 1978. [2] Climate change and it’s impact. Meteorological Office, 1998. [3] Health & Safety Executive. EH 40/97 Occupational Exposure Limits 1997, Table 2 Page 22. (ISBN 0 -7176 -1315 -1). [4] Total Carbon Cycle (tba). [5] Nuclear Energy - the future climate. The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 1999 (ISBN 0 -85403 -5262). [6] Fanger P O. Olf and decipol: New units for preceived air quality. Building Services Engineering Research & Technology, 1984. [7] Fiala D. Dynamische Simulation des menschlichen Wärmehaushalts und der thermischen Behaglichkeit. De Montfort University, 1998. [8] Field Studies of Thermal Comfort and Adaption. ASHRAE Technical Data Bulletin, Volume 14, Number 1. January 1998.