Fundamental Of Computer DCA -I SEM Unit-1

Fundamental Of Computer DCA -I SEM Unit-1

Q. -1 Computer ds fodkl ds bfrgkl dks le>kb, Ans. d. EI; w. Vj , d , slk ; a= g. S tks lwpukvksa dks , d= dj m. Ugsa vko”; drk i. M+us ij lqfu; ksftr

Computer ds fodkl dk bfrgkl (1)Abacus Computer dk bfrgkl yx. Hkx 3000 o’k. Z iqjkuk g. S tc phu esa , d x. kuk ; a= vcsdl dk fuek. Z. k gqvk. A Abacus rkjksa dk , d Qzse gksrk g. S bu rkjksa esa Beed fijks, jgrs g. Sa. A bl Qzse ds nks Hkkx g. Sa Nks. Vs Hkkx dks heaven ¼Lox. Z½ r. Fkk c. M+s Hkkx dks Earth ¼i`Foh½ dgk tkrk g. SA Abacus dks O; kikjh yksx vadks tks. M+] ? k. Vkuk] xq. kk r. Fkk Hkkx t. Slh fdz; k, W djus esa dke ykrs Fks. A

(2)Adding Machine 17 oha “krk. Cnh esa Qzkalhlh xf. kr. K o Hkk. Sfrd “kk. L=h Cyst ik. Ldy us , d ; kaf=d vadh; x. kuk ; a= dk fodkl lu~ 1642 esa fd; k. A ; g Machine ? k. M+h vk. Sj Odometer ds fl)kar ij dk; Z djrh Fkh. A bl Machine esa 10 nk. Wrksa okyh Rachit x. S; j dk iz; ksx fd; k x; k. A igys bdkb. Z ij ngkb. Z okys x. S; j dk , d nk. Wr vkxs c<+rk Fkk. A foyst ik. WLdy dh bl Adding machine dks ik. Ldykbu Hkh dgrs g. Sa. A

(3)Charls Babbages dk Difference Engine : Computer ds bfrgkl esa 19 oha “krk. Cnh dk izkjaf. Hkd le; Lof. k. Ze ; qx ekuk x; k g. SA d. Szfczt fo”ofo|ky; esa xf. kr ds izks. Qslj pk. Yl. Z okost us , d ; kaf=d x. kuk e”khu fodflr dh. A pk. Yl. Z okost us lu~ 1822 esa , d Machine dk fuek. Z. k fd; k ftldk uke Difference Engine j[kk x; k. A bl Engine dh lgk; rk ls chtxf. krh; O; atdksa , ao lkaf[; dh rkfydkvksa dh x. kuk vklkuh ls dh tk ldrh g. SA

(4)Charls Babbage's Analytical Engine okost Difference Engine dh l. Qyrk ls izsfjr gksdj m. Ugksaus , d , sls x. kuk ; a= dh ifjd. Yiuk dh ftlesa mldh , d d`f=e Le`fr gks , oa fn; s x; s Program ds vuqlkj x. kuk, W dj ldsa. A bl ; a= dks Analytical Engine uke fn; k x; k. A ; g Punch dk. Mks. Z ij laxzfgr funs. Z”kksa ds lewg }kjk funs. Zf”kr gksdj dk; Z djrh g. SA Analytical Engine vk/kqfud Computer dk vk/kkj cuk blhfy, pk. Yl. Z okost dks Computer fo. Kku dk tud dgk tkrk g. SA

(5)Doctor Howard Aiken dk Mark-1 lu~ 1940 esa fo|qr ; kaf=d d. EI; w. Vfjax f”k[kj rd ig. Wqp pqdh Fkh. A IBM ds pkj o. SKkfud o Doctor Howard Aiken us lu~ 1944 esa , d Machine dks fodflr fd; k vk. Sj mldk vf/kdkf/kd uke “Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator” j[kk. A ckn esa bl Machine dk uke cnydj Mark -1 j[kk x; k g. SA ; g fo”o dk lcls igyk fo|qr ; kaf=d Computer Fkk bl Computer dh lgk; rk ls nks la[; kvksa dk xq. ku. Qy 6 Second esa , oa Hkkx. Qy 12 Second esa izk. Ir fd; k tk ldrk Fkk. A

(6)ABC Aiken-IBM ds Mark-1 dh Technique ub. Z Ilectronic Technique ds vkus ls Electronic Technique Machine esa fo|qr dh mif. LFkfr , oa vuqif. LFkfr dk fl)kar Fkk. A lu~ 1945 esa Atana Soff us , d Electronic Machine dks fodflr fd; k ftldk uke ABC j[kk x; k. A ABC Word Atana Sof Berry Computer dk laf{k. Ir : i g. SA ; g lcls igyk Electronic Digital Computer g. SA

Q. -2 Computer ds fl)k. Wr dks le>kb, Ans-Computer dk Block Diagram cukrs gq, mlds Basic Component dks le>kb, Ans. Concept of Computer : - Computer User v©j Software ds lk. Fk feydj , d iz. kkyh ds : i esa dk; Z djrk g. SA ftls Computer iz. kkyh (Computer System) dgrs g. Sa. A mlesa izk; % System Unit, Mouse, Keybord, printer, Moniter mi; ksx fd, tkrs g. Sa. A Computer iz. kkyh ds varx. Zr ik. Wp Basic dk; Z vkrs g. Sa %& 1 - Inputting : - Inputting ds }kjk Data v©j Instruction Computer esa Mkys tkrs g. Sa ; g dk; Z Keybord o Mouse }kjk fd, tkrs g. Sa. A 2 - Storing : - Data r. Fkk Instruction dks lqjf{kr fd; k tkrk g. S] rkfd vko”; drk i. M+us ij mudk iz; ksx fd; k tk lds. A 3 - Processing : - blds }kjk vadxf. krh; fdz; k, W r. Fkk

4 - Outputting : - Outputting User dks eg. Roiw. k. Z lwpuk, W nsus dh Process g. SA ; g lwpuk Nqih gqb. Z Report v. Fkok Visual Display gks ldrh g. SA 5 - Controlling : - Control Unit l. Hkh Device dks Control djrh g. Sa. A r. Fkk mi; q. Dr funs. Z”k nsrh g. SA

CPU = Central Processing Unit MU = Memory Unit ALU = Arithmetic & Logical Unit CU = Control Unit

Hardware: - Computer ds ; kaf=d] o. S/kqr r. Fkk Electronic Hkkx Computer Hardware dgykrs g. Sa. A nwljs “k. Cnksa esa fdlh Computer System ds , sls Hkkx ftls vklkuh ls Nwdj eglwl fd; k tk lds Computer

(1)CPU(Central Processing Unit) : CPU dk eq[; dk; Z Program dks fdz; kf. Uor djuk g. SA blds vykok Computer ds l. Hkh Hkkx t. Sls %& Memory, Input, Output ds dk; ks. Z dks fu; af=r djuk g. S bls rhu Hkkxksa esa ck. WVk x; k g. SA

(a)Control Unit (a)CU : - CU Hardware dh fdz; kvksa dks fu; af=r , oa lapkfyr djrk g. SA ; g Input, Output fdz; kvksa dks Control djus ds lk. Fk gh Memory vk. Sj ALU ds e/; Data ds vknku&iznku dks fun. Zsf”kr djrk g. SA

(b)Memory Unit (b)MU : - Memory Data funs. Z”kksa vk. Sj ifj. kkeksa ds Output dks laxzg djds j[krh g. SA ; g Computer dk og Hkkx g. S tgk. W Data r. Fkk Program izfdz; k ds nk. Sjku f. LFkr jgrs g. Sa vk. Sj vko”; d i. M+us ij rqjar miy. C/k gksrs g. Sa. A Computer dh Main Memory nks izdkj dh gksrh g. Sa %& 1 - RAM(Random Access Memory) : - ; g Computer dh v. LFkk; h Memory g. S bldks Read Write Memory Hkh dgrs g. Sa. A 2 - ROM(Read Only Memory): -; g Computer dh LFkk; h Memory g. S ftlesa v. Dlj Computer

(c)ALU: - ; g Unit Data ij vadxf. krh; fdz; k, W vk. Sj rkfd. Zd fdz; k, W djrh g. SA ALU Control Unit ls fun. Zs’k ysrk g. SA Memory ls Data dks izk. Ir djrk g. SA r. Fkk Processing ds ckn lwpuk Memory dks yk. SVk nsrk g. SA

(2)Peripheral: - Input Device, Output Device vk. Sj Secondary Storage dks Peripheral Device dgrs g. Sa. A (a)Input Device : - ftu Device dh lgk; rk ls ge Data , oa funs. Z”k Computer dks nsrs g. Sa Input Device dgrs g. Sa. A t. Sls %& Keybord, Mouse, Joystick, Scaner, Trackball, Light pen, Touch Screen, Graphic Tablet ; k Digitizer Tablet. (b)Output Device : - bl Device ds )kjk Computer ls izk. Ir ifj. kkeksa dks iz. Lrqr fd; k tkrk g. S Output Device dgykrs g. Sa. A t. Sls %& Moniter, Printer, Speaker Plotter.

(3)Software : - Computer esa fdlh dk; Z dks l. Ei. Uu djkus ds fy, fn, tkus okys funs. Z”kksa ds lewg dks Program dgrs g. Sa. A ; g Program Computer Hkk’kk esa programmer }kjk r. S; kj fd; s tkrs g. Sa. A Types of Software (a) System Software (b) Application Software (c) Utility Software mnkgj. k %& System Software ds Examples Operating Systerm u; k Translator g. Sa. A Application S/W ds mnkgj. k MS- Word, MSExcel, MS-Powerpoint, Page maker, Photoshop etc

Q. -3 Computer dh fo”ks’krk, W] {kerk, W r. Fkk dfe; k. W le>kb, Ans. vktdy computer dk iz; ksx gj {ks= esa gks jgk g. S d; ksfd Computer gh , slh Lopfyr e”khu g. S tks cgqr lkjs dk; Z Lor% gh dj ysrh g. SA bldh dq. N fo”ks’krk, a fu. Eufyf[kr g. Sa %& (1)Lopkyu(Automation) %& Computer viuk le. Lr dk; Z Lopkfyr : i ls djrk g. SA , d ckj l. Hkh vk. Wd. M+s Computer esa Feed djus ds i”pkr~ m. Ugsa , d fu”fpr Program ds funs. Z”k ds vuq: i f. Hk. Uu&f. Hk. Uu dk; ks. Z gsrq fo”ysf’kr dj dq. N ifj. kke izk. Ir fd, tk ldrs g. Sa. A (2)xfr(Speed) %& Computer v. R; kf/kd rhoz xfr ls dk; Z djrk g. SA og Hkh yxkrkj r. Fkk fcuk xyrh fd; s. A lkek. U; Computer Micro Second v. Fkk. Zr~ 10&6 Second esa x. kuk; sa djrk g. SA tcfd vk/kqfud Computer Neno Second (10 -9) , oa Peco Second (10 -12) rd esa dk; Z djrs g. Sa. A

(3)“kq}rk (Accuracy) : - Computer viuk dk; Z fcuk fdlh xyrh ds djrk g. SA ; fn Computer esa fn; s tkus okys fun. Zs”k “kq} g. S rks Computer }kjk fn; k tkus okyk Output (Garbage in Garbage Out) Rule ij Work djrk g. SA (4)lko. ZHkk. Sfedrk(Versatility) : - Computer dks igys xf. krh; dk; ks. Z ds fy; s cuk; k x; k Fkk ysfdu /khjs&/khjs bldk iz; ksx O; kolkf; d dk; ks. Z ds fy, vf/kd fd; k tkus yxk. A blds }kjk db. Z dk; Z , d lk. Fk fd, tk ldrs g. Sa. A t. Sls %& Printing, Letter Writting, Playing games, Entertainment, Scientific calculation etc. (5)m. Pp laxzg {kerk(High Storage Capacity) %& , d Computer System dh Data Collection ¼laxzg½ dh {kerk cgqr m. Pp gksrk g. S blesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk Data t. Sls %& Text, Sound, Image etc. Store dj ldrs g. Sa. A

(6); kn j[kus dh “kf. Dr(Power Of Remembrance) %& , d O; f. Dr vius thou esa cgqr lkjh ckrsa djrk g. S r. Fkk fl. QZ eg. Roiw. k. Z ckrksa dks gh ; kn j[kuk g. S ysfdu Computer lkjh ckrsa pkgs og eg. Roiw. k. Z gks ; k u gks] laxzfgr djds j[krk g. Sa. A r. Fkk ckn essa fdlh Hkh lwpuk dks vko”; drk i. M+us ij miy. C/k djkrk g. SA (7)fo”oluh; rk (Reliability)%& Computer dh ; kn j[kus dh “kf. Dr o “kq}rk m. Pp gksrh g. SA og lwpuk dks cgqr o’kks. Z ds ckn Hkh brus gh “kq}rk ls iznku djrk g. S ftruh fd og iwo. Z esa Fkh. A vr% lwpukvksa ds lqjf{kr laxzg ds fy, O; f. Dr ml ij fo”okl dj ldrk g. SA (8)ikfj. Jferk (Diligence)%& Computer , d Electronic Device gksus ds dkj. k vf/kd dk; ZHkkj gksus ij Hkh Fkdko. V eglwl ugha djrk. A Computer dks ; fn db. Z izdkj ds dk; Z djus gsrq funs. Zf”kr fd; k x; k g. S rks og vafre dk; Z Hkh mlh {kerk ls djsxk ftl {kerk ls mlusa iz. Fke dk; Z fd; k g. SA

Limitations of Computer (1)fu. k. Z; ysus dh {kerk dk v. Hkko %& Computer , d cqf)eku e”khu ugha g. SA og lgh , oa xyr dh igpku ugha dj ldrk. A Computer }kjk Lo; a dksb. Z fu. k. Z; ugha fy; k tkrk og dsoy ekuo }kjk fn; s x; s funs. Z”kksa dk ikyu djrk g. SA (2)vk. Rej{kk djus esa vle. Fk. Z %& Computer dh vkarfjd , oa ckgjh dkj. kksa }kjk gkfu ig. Wqpk; h tk ldrh g. SA og bl gkfu; ksa dk fojks/k Lo; a ugha dj ldrk g. SA (3)Hkkoukvksa dh deh %& Computer dk IQ Level “kw. U; gksrk g. SA og ifjf. LFkfr; ksa ds vk/kkj ij fu. k. Z; dks ifjofr. Zr ugha djrk g. SA og dsoy funs. Z”kksa dk ikyu dj ldrk g. SA

Q. - 4 Computer ds fof. Hk. Uu izdkj dks le>k, (1)vuqiz; ksx ds v/kkj ij: - Computer ds vusd Application g. Sa. A ftuds vk/kkj ij b. Ugsa rhu izdkj ls

(a)Analog Computer os Computer ft. Ugsa Hkk. Sfrd ekuksa t. Sls Pressure, Tempreture, Length etc O; Dr djrs g. Sa Analog computer dgykrs g. Sa. A ; g fdlh jkf”k dk ifj. kke rqyuk ds vk/kkj ij djrs g. Sa. A

(b)Digital Computer Digit dk v. Fk. Z g. S vad vr% os Computer tks vadksa dh x. kuk djrs g. Sa Digital Computer dgykrs g. Sa. A ; g dsoy nks vad Zero & One i)fr ij dk; Z djrs g. Saa. A

(c)Hybrid Computer : - Hybrid dk v. Fk. Z g. S vusd xq. k/keks. Z dk gksuk. A vr% os Computer ftuesa Analog , oa Digital nksuksa ds xq. k gks Hybrid Computer dgykrs g. Sa. A

(2)mn~ns“; ds v/kkj ij : - mn~ns”; ds vk/kkj ij Computer dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck. WVk x; k g. S % (a) General Purpose : - lkek. U; mn~ns”; Computer esa vusd izdkj ds dk; Z djus dh {kerk gksrh g. SA buesa mif. LFkr C. P. U. dh {kerk r. Fkk dher de gksrh g. SA lkek. U; mn~ns”; Computer esa ge fof”k’V dk; Z gsrq vyx ls Device ugha tks. M+ ldrs g. Sa D; ksfd C. P. U. dh {kerk lhfer gksrh g. SA (b) Special Purpose : - fof”k’V mn~ns”kh; Computer dk iz; ksx fo”ks’k dk; Z djus gsrq fd; k tk ldrk g. SA buesa mif. LFkr C. P. U. dh {kerk ml dk; Z ds vuq: i gksrh g. S ftlds fy; s b. Ugsa r. S; kj fd; k x; k g. SA bu Computer dk iz; ksx laxhr laiknu gsrq LVwf. M; ksa esa] bathfu; fjax esa] fpfd. Rlk esa] ek. Sle esa] varfj{k esa vkfn

(3) Size ds vk/kkj ij : - (a) Micro Computer bl Computer dks Micro Computer nks dkj. kksa ls dgk tkrk g. S % ¼ 1½ bl Computer esa Micro Processor dk iz; ksx gksrk g. SA ¼ 2½ ; g Computer v. U; Computer dh rqyuk esa Nks. Vs vkdkj dk gksrk g. SA bu Computer dk iz; ksx ? kjksa euksjatu ds lk/ku esa] ct. V cukus esa] [ksy esa] Music lquus esa] Movie ns[kus esa vkfn esa fd; k tkrk g. SA

(b)Work Station ; g vkdkj eas Micro Computer ds leku gksus ds ckotwn vf/kd “kf. Dr”kkyh gksrs g. Sa. A vk. Sj b. Ugsa fo”ks’k : i ls tf. Vy dk; ks. Z ds fy, iz; ksx esa yk; k tkrk g. SA budh dk; Z{kerk Mini Computer ds leku gksrh g. SA r. Fkk dher Micro Computer ls T; knk gksrh g. SA

(c)Mini Computer lu~ 1959 esa D. E. C. (Digital Equipment Corporation) us P. D. P. -I (Programmable Data Processor-i) cukdj Mini computer ds m. Riknu dh “kq: vkr dh Fkh. Ablds la”kksf/kr Model PDA-8 esa IC ds iz; ksx ls bl Computer dk vkdkj o dher nksuksa de gks x; s Fks ftlls Mini Computer dk t. Ue gqvk. A PDP-8 dk vkdkj , d Refrigerator ds cjkcj Fkk. A blesa Visual Display Unit vk. Sj Keybord ds lk. Fk , d Tap Drive vk. Sj , d Line Printer gksrk g. SA

(d)Main Frame Computer ; s Computer vkdkj esa c. M+s gksrs g. Sa blesa v. R; kf/kd ek=k esa Data ij rhozrk ls Process djus dh {kerk gksrh g. S blfy, budk iz; ksx c. M+h d. Eifu; ksa] c. Sadks] js. Yos vkja{k. k] ljdkjh fo. Hkkx }kjk fd; k tkrk g. SA Main Frame , d Second esa djks. M+ks funs. Z”kksa dh Processing djus esa l{ke g. SA ; s 24 ? k. Vs dk; Z dj ldrs g. Sa. A r. Fkk bu ij l. Sd. M+ks User , d lk. Fk dk; Z dj ldrs g. Sa. A Main Frame Computer esa gtkjksa Micro Processor dk iz; ksx fd; k tkrk g. SA Main Frame Computer dk mnkgj. k g. S %& IBM 4381, ICL-39, CDC-Cyber Series

(e)Super Computer ; g Main Frame ls Hkh vf/kd “kf. Dr”kkyh g. S budh Storage Capacity r. Fkk Speed Computer dh l. Hkh Jsf. k; ksa esa lcls vf/kd gksrh g. SA ; gh dkj. k g. S fd ; s Computer lok. Zf/kd e. Wgxsa gksrs g. Sa] budh dher vjcksa : i; ksa dh gksrh g. SA buesa muds C. P. U. lek. Urj dze esa dk; Z djrs g. Sa. A budk iz; ksx ek. Sle dk iwok. Zuqeku yxkus esa] rsy o [kfut dks

Q. - 5 Computer dh fof. Hk. Uu Memory dks le>kb, Ans. fdlh Hkh funs. Z”k] lwpuk v. Fkok ifj. kke dks Store djds j[kus ds fy, ftl Unit dk iz; ksx fd; k tkrk g. S mls Memory dgk tkrk g. SA ; fn gesa CPU ds }kjk dksb. Z x. kuk djkuh g. S rks mu la[; kvksa dks igys Input Device }kjk Memory esa Hkstk tkrk g. SA f. Qj CPU ds }kjk x. kuk ds mijkar ifj. kkeksa dks Memory esa j[kus ds ckn gh Output Device ij m. Rrj fn; k tkrk g. SA Memory esa Store fd; k x; k Data 0 r. Fkk 1 ds : i esa ifjofr. Zr gks tkrk g. SA bls Binary Digit dgk tkrk g. SA la{ksi esa b. Ugsa Bit Hkh dgrs g. Sa. A Bit Memory Space dks ekius dh lcls Nks. Vh b. Zdkb. Z g. SA Memory dks nks Hkkxksa esa fo. Hkkftr djrs g. Sa %&

Optical Disk

4 Bit = 1 Nibble 8 Bit = 1 Byte 1024 Byte = 1 Kilo Byte (KB) 1024 Kilo Byte = 1 Mega Byte (MB) 1024 Mega Byte = 1 Gega Byte (GB) 1024 Gega Byte = 1 Tera Byte (TB)

(1)Primary Memory: - Memory Computer dk lcls eg. Roiw. k. Z Hkkx g. Sa tgk. W Data, lwpuk] , oa Program izfdz; k ds nk. Sjku mif. LFkr jgrs g. Sa. A r. Fkk vko”; drk i. M+us ij rqjar izk. Ir fd, tk ldrs g. Sa. A bls main Memory ; k Primary dgk tkrk g. SA Main Memory nks izdkj dh gksrh g. S %& a Personal computer esa nks izdkj ds RAM iz; q. Dr dh tkrh g. Sa. A

(i)RAM : - Randam Access Memory dks Read Write Memory Hkh dgrs g. Sa. A D; ksfd bl Memory esa ge Data laxzfgr djus ds lk. Fk&lk. Fk Data dks i<+ Hkh ldrs g. Sa. A RAM Computer dh v. LFkk; h Memory gksrh g. SA Input Device }kjk data Input fd; k tkrk g. SA Data lcls igys RAM esa laxzfgr gksrk g. SA vk. Sj CPU }kjk vko”; drkuqlkj izk. Ir fd; k tkrk g. SA

(a)Dynamic RAM : - Dynamic RAM dks laf{k. Ir esa D-RAM Hkh dgk tkrk g. SA D-RAM dks t. Ynh&t. Ynh Refresh djus dh vko”; drk i. M+rh g. SA Refresh dk v. Fk. Z ; gk. W Chip dks fo|qr vkosf”kr djuk gksrk g. SA ; g , d lsdsa. M esa yx. Hkx gtkjksa ckj Refresh gksrh g. SA ckj&ckj Refresh djus ds dkj. k ; g nwljs RAM dh vis{kk /kheh gksrh g. SA (b)Static RAM : - ; g de Refresh gksrh g. S ftlds Qy. Lo: i Data vf/kd le; jgrk g. S bls laf{k. Ir esa SRAM dgk tkrk g. SA S-RAM v. U; RAM dh vis{kk rst , oa e. Wgxh gksrh g. SA

(ii)ROM (Read Only Memory) : - ROM Computer dh LFkkb. Z Memory gksrh g. S ftlesa v. Dlj Computer fuek. Zrkvksa }kjk Program lafpr djds LFkkb. Z dj fn; k tkrk g. SA Basic Input Output System (BIOS) uke Program ROM dk gh mnkgj. k gkssrk g. SA bl Memory ls laxzfgr Program ifjofr. Zr vk. Sj u’V ugha fd; s tk ldrs g. Sa. A b. Ugsa dsoy i<+k tk ldrk g. SA blfy, bl Memory dks Read Only Memory dgrs g. Sa. A Computer c. Un gks tkus ; k fo|qr izokg c. Un gks tkus ij Hkh blessa laxzfgr Program u’V ugha gksrs g. Sa. A vkj. EHk esa ROM ds fy, ck/; rk Fkh fd Computer fuek. Zrk Hkh , d ckj fdlh Program dks ROM esa Chip ij laxzfgr djus ds ckn mls u rks fe. Vk ldrs Fks. A ij. Urq ckn esa PROM, EEPROM uke dh ROM cuk; h x; h ftuds vyx&vyx yk. Hk g. Sa. A

(a)PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) bl Memory esa fdlh Program dks dsoy , d ckj Store gksus ds ckn u b. Ugsa fe. Vk; k tk ldrk g. SA vk. Sj u blesa ifjofr. Zu fd; k tk ldrk g. SA (b)EPROM (Erasable Programable Read Only Memory) ; g PROM ds leku gh gksrh g. S] ij. Urq blesa Store Program ijkc. Sxuh fdj. kksa }kjk fe. Vk, tk ldrs g. Sa vk. Sj u; s Program Store fd; s tk ldrs g. Sa. A D; ksfd fe. Vkus dk dk; Z Ultra Violet X -Ray }kjk gksrk g. SA vr% bl dk; Z dks djus ds fy, fo”ks’k ; a= dh vko”; drk gksrh g. SA ftls IC Programmer dgrs g. Sa. A (c)EEPROM(Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) blesa Store fd; s tkus ; k fd; s x; s Program dks fo|qrh; fof/k }kjk fe. Vk; k tk ldrk g. SA bl ij mif. LFkr Program dks fe. Vkus v. Fkok la”kksf/kr djus ds fy, fdlh v. U; midj. k dh vko”; drk ugha gksrh g. SA

Other Momereis: - blds varx. Zr nks Memory g. Sa %& (1)Cache Memory : - Cache Memory v. R; kf/kd rst Memory gksrh g. S tks Main Memory r. Fkk C. P. U. ds chp esa mif. LFkr gksrh g. SA Main Memory dh xfr C. P. U. ls cgqr de gksrh g. S ftlds dkj. k C. P. U. dk vf/kdka”k le; Data , oa Program dk bartkj djus esa O; Fk. Z gks tkrk g. SA bl le. L; k ls cpus ds fy, Cache Memory dk iz; ksx fd; k tkrk g. SA Cache Memory , d c. Qj dh rjg dk; Z djrh g. SA r. Fkk CPU dks Content dh vko”; drk i. M+us ij m. Ugsa Main Memory ls Attach dj nsrh g. SA Cache Memory v. R; kf/kd rst , oa e. Wgxh gksrh g. S bldk vkdkj Main Memory dh rqyuk esa de gksrk g. SA

(2)Register dk iz; ksx Data LFkkukarj. k ds fy, Address dks v. LFkk; h : i ls Store djus ds fy, gksrk g. SA Computer esa fof. Hk. Uu izdkj ds Registor miy. C/k gksrs g. Sa dq. N eg. Roiw. k. Z Registor ds uke fu. Eufyf[kr g. Sa %& Memory Address : - Active Memory Location ds Address dks. Hold djds j[kuk g. SA Memory Buffer : - Memory esa mif. LFkr Information dks hold djds j[kuk g. SA Program Control : - Next Instruction ds Address dks Hold djds j[krk g. SA Instruction : - fdz; k. Uo; u ds nk. Sjku Instruction dks Hold djds j[krk g. SA Input/Output : - Communicates With Input/Output Device