Functional Aspect of Speech Sounds
PHONETICS vs PHONOLOGY phonetics phonology studies sounds as articulatory and acoustic units studies sounds as units, which serve communicative purposes
/t/ alveolar, forelingual, apical, occlusive, plosive, voiceless-fortis twice eighth try written little stay labialized dental post-alveolar exploded nasally exploded laterally pronounced without aspiration
/i: / unrounded, fully front, high, narrow, tense, long, free key more back than in eat under the influence of the backlingual /k/ seed – seat greed – greet longer before a voiced lenis, than before a voiceless fortis consonant
PHONEMES ENGLISH RUSSIAN 20 vowel phonemes 6 vowel phonemes 24 consonant phonemes 35 consonant phonemes
METHOD OF MINIMAL PAIRS MINIMAL PAIR MINIMAL SET fan - ban fan – ban – tan can, ran, man, fan, … bun, bone, Ben, burn, boon, born
PHONEME vs ALLOPHONEME smallest linguistically relevant unit of the sound structure of a given language which serves to distinguish one word from another ALLOPHONE speech sound which is realization of one and the same phoneme and which cannot distinguish words
TYPES OF ALLOPHONES Typical (principal) allophone is the variant of the phoneme which is described as the most representative and free from the influence of the neighbouring phonemes Subsidiary allophones are the variants of the phonemes used in actual speech
SUBSIDIARY ALLOPHONES • Positional allophones are used in certain positions traditionally • Combinatory allophones appear in the process of speech and result from the influence of one phoneme upon another
PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION • Complementary distribution • Free variation • Parallel distribution
RELEVANT – IRRELEVANT FEATURES • SINGLE OPPOSITION try – dry • DOUBLE OPPOSITION park – dark • MULTIPLE OPPOSITION bow – how
FUNCTIONS OF PHONEMES • constitutive function • distinctive function • identificatory (or recognitive) function
Methods of Phonological Analysis • distributional method • s e m a n t i c method