Fuelling Operations. Quality Trends, Problems and Solutions. Intertek Ship. Care Services. Michael Green. Global Technical Manager – Bunker Fuel Testing. 1 www. intertek. com
Sulphur Regulations – Marpol Annex VI • Marpol Annex VI introduced 19 th May 2005 • First major step in regulating marine emissions • Introduced emission restrictions on a regional & global level • ECAs - As far as requirements within an ECA are concerned, the sulphur content of fuel oil used on board ships shall not exceed the following limits: • 0. 10% m/m on and after 1 st January 2015 • Global Regulations - The Sulphur content of any fuel oil used on board ships shall not exceed the following limits: • 0. 50% on or after the 1 st January 2020 2 www. intertek. com
Fuel Standards – ISO 8217: 2010 & 2012 • ISO 8217: 2010 - 4 th Edition marine standard was released 15/06/2010. • The 2010 edition was based on the previous 2005 spec but with a number of changes to reflect the development of the industry and to ensure fuel quality. Residuals • Changes to residual grading and grade requirements • Additional test parameters – H 2 S Distillates • Changes to distillate grades and grade requirements • Additional test parameters – Lubricity, Oxidation Stability & H 2 S • ISO 8217: 2012 5 th Edition marine standard was released 15/08/2012 • The revision was based on the ISO 8217: 2010 spec but updated to take into account the precision data for Hydrogen Sulphide analysis of distillate fuels and changes to Pour Point requirements for DMX grade fuel. 3 www. intertek. com
Fuel Standards – ISO 8217: 2010 & 2012 ISO - 2005 vs 2010 / 2012 100 80 60 % of ISO 8217 : 2005 Samples % of ISO 8217 : 2010 / 2012 Samples 40 20 0 Q 1 2014 Q 2 2014 Fuel Spec Q 3 2014 Q 4 2014 Q 1 2014 % of ISO 8217 : 2005 Samples % of ISO 8217 : 2010 / 2012 Samples 4 Q 1 2015 Q 2 2014 Q 3 2014 Q 4 2014 Q 1 2015 Q 2 2015 97. 4 97. 2 96. 7 95. 0 96. 0 2. 6 2. 8 3. 3 4. 3 5. 0 4. 0 www. intertek. com
Why buy ISO 8217 : 2012? • Greater protection for owners / operators! • Additional tests, such as Lubricity and Oxidation Stability give greater insight into potential concerns. • Lubricity analysis for distillate fuels if sulphur level below 500 ppm (0. 05% m/m) • ULS MGO can have greatly reduced lubricant properties as a result of treatment processes • Oxidation Stability - Measures inherent stability of distillate products • Reduced stability can be as a result of additional treatment processes or through the presence of bio-derived material. 5 www. intertek. com
Residual Fuels – Quality Issues • 1. 00% Sulphur residual fuel provided a number of challenges: • Lower Sulphur specs = Increased blending • This leads to increased use of blend / cutter stocks • This can lead to increased problems: 1. high levels of Cat Fines within fuels 2. Increased stability related issues 3. Increased frequency of instances of “Chemical Contamination”. 6 www. intertek. com
Residual Fuels – Quality Issues • After 2015 – No 1. 00% Fuel!! • No Intensive blending = Reduction in issues associated with HFO!! 7 www. intertek. com
Distillate Fuels – Quality Issues? • 2015 ECA 0. 10% = increased demand for distillate product. • Not all distillate fuels are low Sulphur; therefore lower Sulphur content requires additional treatment processes • Treatment processes can have a detrimental effect on final fuel quality causing issues such as: § § § 8 Lubricity Issues Reduced Oxidation Stability Poor combustion characteristics Possible presence of FAME Reduced Flash point www. intertek. com
Distillate Fuels – Quality Issues? • Widespread issues relating to lubricity, oxidation stability etc…. have yet to be seen. • However, some issues with Cold Flow Properties have been noted. • Cloud Point - temperature at which the distillate fuel becomes slightly opaque in appearance - wax crystals begin to come out of solution. • Cold Filter Plugging Point - is defined as the highest temperature at which a given volume of fuel will fail to pass through a standardized filtration device in a specified time, when cooled under specified conditions. • Pour Point - is stated as being the lowest temperature at which oil ceases to flow upon cooling. 9 www. intertek. com
Distillate Fuels – Quality Issues? 10 www. intertek. com
FAME – Automotive Fuel FAME – Fatty Acid Methyl Ester 11 www. intertek. com
Distillate Fuels – Quality Issues? Sample Submission Rates Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Residual 80% 79% 72% 60% 62% 63% Distillate 20% 21% 28% 40% 38% 37% 12 www. intertek. com
Fuels Quality – 2014 /2015 % > ISO Limits 2014 / 2015 30. 0% 25. 0% 20. 0% 15. 0% 10. 0% 5. 0% 0. 0% Q 1 2014 / 2015 > ISO 8217 Limits 13 Q 2 2014 Q 1 2014 25. 1% Q 3 2014 Q 2 2014 27. 8% Q 4 2014 Q 3 2014 26. 0% Q 1 2015 Q 2 2015 Q 3 2015 Q 4 2014 Q 1 2015 Q 2 2015 Q 3 2015 25. 0% 17. 9% 17. 5% 16. 60% www. intertek. com
Fuels Quality – 2014 /2015 - HFO vs MGO 25. 0% 20. 0% 15. 0% > ISO Limits > 95% Confidence 10. 0% 5. 0% 0. 0% Residual Distillate Q 1 2015 Residual Distillate Q 2 2015 Q 1 2015 Q 2 2015 Residual Distillate > ISO Limits 24. 2% 7. 8% 24. 3% 5. 8% > 95% Confidence 7. 0% 4. 8% 8. 5% 3. 4% 14 www. intertek. com
Fuels Quality – 2014 /2015 Q 1 2015 Residual Distillate Q 2 2015 24. 2% > ISO Limits > 95% Confidence 15 7. 8% > ISO Limits 7. 0% 4. 8% > 95% Confidence Residual Distillate 24. 3% 5. 8% 8. 5% 3. 4% www. intertek. com
The End of RFO? Sample Submissions 2015 - RFO vs MGO 70. 0% 60. 0% 50. 0% % Residual 40. 0% % Distillate 30. 0% 20. 0% 10. 0% Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Month Jun-15 % Residual % Distillate 16 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 63. 3% 64. 2% 65. 3% 65. 8% 66. 4% 65. 6% 66. 1% 36. 7% 35. 8% 34. 7% 34. 2% 33. 6% 34. 4% 33. 9% www. intertek. com
The End of RFO - Hybrid Fuels / NEFs. • New fuels designed to meet the 0. 10% max Sulphur ECA limit. • • • 17 Exxon. Mobil HDME 50 Cepsa DMB 0. 1% Lukoil Eco Marine Fuel Shell ULSFO Gazprom 0. 10% Product Chemoil www. intertek. com
Hybrid Fuels. • New fuels designed to meet the 0. 10% max Sulphur ECA limit. • Typical test properties of products examined show a strong similarity to low viscosity residual products. • Tested density in the region of 860 - 920 kg/m³ • Viscosity in the region of 8. 0 – 50. 0 cst • Low overall metal content • High Pour Point • Possible compatibility issues? 18 www. intertek. com
The End of RFO? Sample Submissions 2015 - Fuel Type 70 60 50 RFO 40 MGO "Hybrid" 30 20 10 0 Apr-15 Fuel Type 19 May-15 RFO MGO Hybrid Jun-15 Month Apr-15 59. 6% 37. 4% 3. 0% Jul-15 May-15 60. 8% 35. 9% 3. 3% Aug-15 Jun-15 59. 8% 36. 7% 3. 5% Sep-15 Jul-15 60. 4% 35. 8% 3. 8% Oct-15 Aug-15 60. 1% 34. 7% 5. 2% Nov-15 Sep-15 61. 6% 34. 2% Oct-15 61. 9% 33. 6% 4. 5% Dec-15 Nov-15 59. 9% 34. 4% 5. 7% Dec-15 60. 6% 33. 9% 5. 5% www. intertek. com
Hybrid Fuels – Typical Data. • Density • Average Density 887 kg/m 3 with a range of 833 to 949 kg/m 3 • Viscosity • Average Viscosity 24. 9 c. St with a range of 2. 6 to 84 c. St @ 50 o C • MCR • Average MCR 2. 6% with a range of 0. 01 to 8. 6% • Al + Si • Average Al + Si 7 ppm with a range of 2 to 32 ppm • Pour Point • Average Pour 17. 9 o C with a range of -12 to 33 o C 20 www. intertek. com
Hybrid Fuels – Test Data ISO 8217 21 www. intertek. com
Hybrid Fuels – Test Data FIA 22 www. intertek. com
Hybrid Fuels – Combustion Profile Hybrid Fuel – ECN > 40 vs Residual Fuel – ECN 18. 9 23 www. intertek. com
2020 and Beyond - Future Alternatives • • • Considerations and other alternatives LNG Abatement Technologies Refinery / Supplier Capabilities. CE Delft / IMO Review – 2020 or 2025? Further Fuel Options: • • 24 2 nd Generation Hybrid Fuels Methanol Fuel Cells Bio Fuel www. intertek. com
2015 – Fuel Quality • Significant change in buying / analysis patterns since end 2014 / beginning 2015. • Overall improvement in quality – removal of 1. 00% m/m sulphur fuels. • A significant reduction in “traditional” quality issues. • An increase in “different” quality issues. • Wider use of “Hybrid” fuels. THANK YOU. 25 www. intertek. com
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