Fuel Properties and Vehicle Performance Vehicle Fuel Quality

Fuel Properties and Vehicle Performance Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop Petron Mega Plaza Makati City, Metro Manila, Aug. 22, 2006 Yasunori TAKEI Fuel & Lubricant committee Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association JAMA 1

Automobiles and the Environment Global Environment Urban Environment Clean Fuels CO 2 Emissions VOC, NOx, PM Alternative Fuels Recycle Energy Security Bio Fuels JAMA Economy Convenience Safety Quality Fuels 2

Gasoline Systems and Gasoline Quality JAMA 3

Trends of Emission and Fuel Regulation In Asia JAMA 4

Current Level of Technology Gasoline Engines Technologies Upstream Located Catalyst Cascade Catalyst HC Adsorption Catalyst Cold emission Double Wall Exh. Manifold VVT Transient A/F Control Reduced Crevice Volume Improved Catalyst (High Cell Density etc. ) Swirl Enhanced Increase Cat. Size, Pt-Loading Hot NOx Catalyst Improvement emission Electronic Control EGR JAMA NOx X X X X X HC X X X X X 5

Emission Control Level and countermeasures on Gasoline Passenger Cars TYPICAL SYSTEM EM g/km HC 1. 0 EM 1 O 2 S Euro 1 S<500 ppm TWC(13 R) EM OBD 2 O 2 S 0. 5 S<150 ppm Euro 2 TWC(13 R) EM OBD 2 O 2 S S/C(7 R) JAMA Euro 3 Euro 4 S<50 ppm CO 3 2 1 0 0. 5 NOx 1. 0 TWC(9 R) 6

Technology Trend for Low Emission Key is to maximize the catalyst performance. 1. Minute air fuel ratio (A/F) control - Intelligent A/F management (high performance ECU etc. ) - improving atomization of injected fuel (multi hole injector etc. ) - Feedback systems (A/F sensor, 2 O 2 sensors system etc. ) 2. Quick warm-up of catalyst - Small size warm-up catalyst - Insulated exhaust manifold - Sophisticated engine control (Ignition timing, A/F control etc. ) 3. Improving catalyst performance itself 　- High cell density catalyst 　 - High loading of precious metals JAMA 7

Emission Chart of J-ULEV CVS-cont Chart JAPAN 11 mode JAMA 8

Fuel Quality for Low Emissions Fuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance; • For air fuel ratio control Distillation properties Detergent (preventing deposits) • For quicker warm up of catalyst Lowering sulfur Metal Free • For keeping higher conversion efficiency Lowering sulfur Metal Free JAMA 9

Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Exhaust Emissions SULEV 100 LEV 1 -LEV LEV 2 ULEV SULEV 150 50 LEV, ULEV 0 -50 0 100 200 300 400 500 Sulfur　(ppmw) 600 Relative NOx Relative THC 150 SULEV 100 LEV 1 -LEV LEV 2 ULEV SULEV 50 LEV, ULEV 0 -50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Sulfur　(ppmw) SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle JAMA SAE 2000 -01 -2019 10

Effects of increasing Cell Density of Catalyst on Emission Reduction Catalyst Capacity : 0. 9 L Aging Condition : 50 k-mile equivalent quick aged on engine dyno. Cold Bag NMHC, g/mile 0. 3 0. 2 2 (or 4) mil is Thickness 1 mil=25 um 0. 1 Density is number of cell per 1 inch 2 0 4 mil 2 mil 400 cpsi*1) 600 cpsi 800 cpsi (current) 2 mil 900 cpsi Cell Density JAMA SAE 2003 -01 -0817(Re-arrange) *1) Estimation from the figure in the paper 11

Effects of Metal (Mn) on Ex. Emissions 0. 20 0. 10 Reference LDV 100 K Std 0. 08 0. 06 0. 04 Clear MMT 0. 02 0. 00 1. 60 1. 40 1. 20 1. 00 0. 80 0. 60 0. 40 0. 20 0. 00 0. 10 0. 05 0. 00 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 0 Miles 25 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Miles 24 23 22 21 0 JAMA 0. 15 mpg CO - g/mi 0 NOx - g/mi NMOG - g/mi 0. 12 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Miles Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002) 20 0 20000 40000 60000 Miles 80000 100000 12

Impact of Metal (Mn) Impact of MMT on Tier 1/LEV Parts at 50, 000 miles w/ MMT w/o MMT Catalysts from the Market Canada South Africa World Wide Fuel Charter 4 th Edition (2006)、the 2002 AAM, AIAM, CVMA automaker study (6 years, US $8 million), OEM data JAMA 13

Impact of Metal (Fe) JAMA OEM Data 14

Effects of IVD on Emissions (*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit) Relative Exhaust Emissions 149 100 50 HC 100 0 100 CO 101 100 NOx 127 100 50 0 100 50 Removal 0 Rating '6' (dirty) JAMA OEM data of IVD Rating '9 - 10' (Clean) 15

Diesel Systems and Diesel Fuel Quality JAMA 16

Trends of Emission and Fuel Regulation In Asia JAMA 17

Emission Control Level and countermeasures on Diesel Passenger Cars TYPICAL SYSTEM HC VE EM Euro 1 VE EGR EM S<500 ppm 0. 5 OC CR EM EGR OC JAMA g/km 1. 0 Euro 2 S<350 ppm CO 3 S<50 ppm Euro 3 Euro 4 2 1 0 0. 05 0. 5 NOx 1. 0 0. 15 PM 18

Diesel Emission Control Technologies JAMA 19

Fuel Quality for Low Emissions Fuel quality to reduce emissions and protect systems • For catalyst and EGR Lowering sulfur • For reducing engine-out emissions Increasing Cetane Lowering aromatics and T 90 • For CR-DI systems Metal Free Keep Lubricity Less impurities (Good house keeping) JAMA 20

Sulfur Effects on PM from CR-DPF System 0. 6 Japanese D 13 Mode 0. 5 PM , g/km SOF Sulfate Fry Soot + H 2 O 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 Test Fuel D 500 (Sulfur, ppm) (500) JAMA JCAP data, 2002 D 100 (100) D 50 (50) DK 50 (50) K 10 (10) 21

Metals in Diesel Calcium Additive Effects on Injector Deposits Black Smoke (%) 30 Idling 20 10 0 0 30 Free Acceleration 20 10 0 JAMA With deposit Cleanup 22

Worldwide Fuel Charter Qua lity u pgra des 4 1 3 2 Lean NOx Technologies Sulfur Free Fuels Markets with advanced requirements for emissions control Markets with stringent requirements for emissions control Markets with no or minimal requirements for emissions control Proposed 4 th Edition JAMA 23

Conclusions • Quality fuels are necessary to achieve lower emission. • Key properties for gasoline üSulfur, Metal Free, Distillation Properties, Detergency • Key properties for diesel fuel üSulfur, Metal Free, Lubricity, Impurities, Cetane, T 90 • For bio fuels, adequate specification and quality control in the market is necessary. • Fuel monitoring system and good house keeping are also important to keep the quality at the pump. • WWFC 4 th edition is coming soon. JAMA strongly recommends WWFC. JAMA 24