From World War to Cold War Nuremburg

From World War to Cold War

Nuremburg Trials

Yalta Conference Feb 1945

1. The establishment of the United Nations.

2. A Divided Germany

Germany Divided

3. Free Elections?

4. USSR promised to join the war against Japan.

What to do with Poland?

Atrocities of World War II

How can the World stop future atrocities?

United Nations

The Cold War 1945 -1990 US vs Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Define Cold War

Discussion/Recall Communism vs Democracy Socialism vs Capitalism

Cold War Characterisitcs • It was a struggle that contained everything short of war. • Each side denied the others right to exist. • Each side used propaganda against the other.

Causes of the Cold War • Different political systems -US is based on democracy, capitalism and freedom -USSR is based on dictatorship, communism and control • Debate-> Who’s #1 • Distrust • Stalin despised capitalism

Stalin

Causes of Cold War • • • Stalin broke promise Red Scare USSR’s fear of the atomic bomb USSR’s actions in their German zone USSR’s goal to spread communism around the world • Mutual Distrust

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US • Open Markets • Democracy • Stop the spread of communism

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for the USSR • Greater Security - population -feared Germany • Establish borders • Encourage friendly governments on it’s borders • Spread communism around the world

Potsdam Conference July 1945

Reaction to Potsdam Conference

Winston Churchill “Iron Curtain” Speech • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone -- Greece with its immortal glories -- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy. ”

Truman Doctrine • • • In 1947 the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas. They appealed to America for aid, and the response was the Truman Doctrine. America promised it would support free countries to help fight communism. Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists. The Truman Doctrine was significant because it showed that America, the most powerful western country, was prepared to resist the spread of communism throughout the world.

Marshall Plan • • • In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan. This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war. There were two motives for this: – Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American industry. – A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism. This was probably the main motive.

The Berlin Crisis(June 1948 -May 1949) •

NATO

NATO • • In 1949 the western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their defense against Russia. It consisted of: -America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway and Italy • Still around today

Arms Race Is On 1949 • Discuss massive retaliation and mutual deterrence • Balance of Power becomes Balance of Terror. • Propaganda War also begins.

USSR’s First Atomic Test

Stalin Dies-1953

Nikita Khrushchev Takes Over • Talks of peaceful coexistence and destalinization.

US Test Hydrogen Bomb-1952 • 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb • Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Warsaw Pact • 1955 - Soviet Union created its own military alliance. • Included U. S. S. R. and seven other satellite states in Eastern Europe.

Space Race • Science and technology played a competitive role in the Cold War also. • 1957 - Soviet Union launched Sputnik. • U. S. Establishes NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration • 1961 -U. S. launches its own satellite. • 1961 -Soviets sent first man to space. • 1969 -U. S. put the first man on the moon.

USSR Launches Sputnik

Yuri Gagarin

East and West Germany •

Berlin Wall-1961

Berlin Wall: August 13, 1961 96 miles 11. 8 ft tall

Brandenberg Gate and Checkpoint Charlie

Conflicts Around the World • U. S. and Soviet Union clashed through surrogate states. (representative). • Conflicts occurred in East Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America

Asia 1945 -PRESENT TIME

India

Caste System

Independence and Conflict • Controlled by Britain until 1947 • Indian Nationalism grows – Gandhi – Indian national Congress • Religious Conflict and Partition – Hindus – Muslims – Sikhs – Christians – Buddhists

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1940) – Muslim League – Partition – Pakistan • Jawaharlal Nehru – India’s 1 st Prime Minister • Violence After Partition – Gandhi killed 1948 – millions refugees fled their homes, northern India was plunged into violence as Hindu and Sikh mobs massacred Muslims, while Muslims slaughtered Sikhs and Hindus

Kashmir • Northern Border of India + Pakistan • ½ controlled by other • Conflict still today

India After Independence • Nehru> P. M. 1947 -1964 – Emphasized unity, economic + social reforms, democratic ideals, increased legal rights for women, improve lives of poor, prevent discrimination based on caste. • Indira Gandhi> 1966 -1984 – Nehru’s daughter – Against Sikhs independence movt in Punjab • Golden Temple in Amritsar attacked Sikhs • Assassinated 1984

• Rajiv Gandhi –P. M. 1984 -1991 – Indira’s son – Assassinated over Sri Lanka problems • Current PM: Manmohan Sinhg

India Today • Nuclear Weapons – 1974 Began testing • Progress limited – India lacks the oil and natural gas needed to fuel economic growth. – Most farmers lack the land the money needed to take full advantage of the Green Revolution. – Population growth has reduced the benefits of increased production.

Challenges after Partition • Civil War in Pakistan – West vs. East • Separated by language, religion and culture – Dispute over the border b/c east Pakistan is located 1000 miles away from West Pakistan – Dispute btwn Bengalis (East) and Punjabis (West) – Fighting lasted from 1947 -1965 – 1971 East wanted independence • Received help from India • Becomes Bangladesh

Bangladesh • The population of Bangladesh is crowded on a low lying coastal plain that is frequently subject to cyclones, floods and droughts. • One of the poorest places on earth with a per capita GDP $198 • Suffers from political instability

Instability in Pakistan • Ethnic + Religious Conflict • 1999 Perez Musharraf is President – Works with USA to fight al Queda + Taliban • Nuclear Weapons – 1998 Began testing

Ethnic and Religious Tensions • India vs. Pakistan (Hindu) (Muslim) – Both have nuclear technology – Both dislike each other • Bombing in Mumbai • Sri Lanka – Independence since 1940 s from Britain – Buddhist Sinhalese vs. Hindu Tamil

China MAO ZEDONG JIANG JEISHI

People’s Republic of China • 1949 Mao Zedong defeats Guomindang • China under Mao – Improved Economy – Great Leap Forward 1958 • Increase agriculture through collectivization + communes = total failure – Cultural Revolution 1966 • Rid old ways • Eliminate skilled workers, educators, professionals • Little Red Book-aka. Thoughts of Chairman Mao • Red Guard created to control offender-got carried away and had to be controlled by Mao

China after Mao • 1972 Zhou Enlai – Restored order – Joined United Nations • 1976 Deng Xiaoping – tried to create a modern China • Four Modernizations – modernize economic areas – – Agriculture Industry Science Technology – Chinese began to demand more democratic freedoms • 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre May 13 –June 24 – Student Protest of government – June 3 gov’t sent troops and tanks – Killed hundreds

China Today • Current Leader: Hu Jintao • Economy grown rapidly • 1. 3 billion people – 1979 One Child Policy lessening – High demand on natural resources – Pollution in air + water – Lack of Human Rights • Limited free speech • Limited right to practice religion • Strict control over media

Korean War 1950 -1953 • North (Communist) vs. South (Democracy) • North Korea: Dictator Kim IL Sung – Gov’t based on Soviet Model – Attacked south to unite – UN formed military force to defend South – Stalemate • North Korea Today • 1994 Kim Jong Il • Expanded military 2006 tested nuclear weapon • Does not like USA

Vietnam War-1954 -1975 North vs. South • Originally controlled by France – Gave up control after loss to Vietminh • Led by Ho Chi Minh-> Communist – Assisted by China + Soviet Union • 1954 France, Vietnam, USA + USSR discussed peace • South Vietnam supported by US – Led by Ngo Dinh Dien = Corrput + brutal • Enemies formed Vietcong (Vietnamese Communists) • US increased aid to S Vietnam • 1964 Lyndon Johnson convinced Congress to go to war (Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • 1968 Tet Offensive-Vietcong attacks South draws in Laos+ Cambodia • 1973 US withdrew • 1976 Vietnam united Communist country (recognized by US 1995) Vietnam today: Communist Nation

Cambodia • 1953 won independence from France • 1975 Khmer Rouge (Communist) gained control – Led by Pol Pot – Established Democratic Kampuchea – Goal: everyone = peasant • Destroy all influences of modern world • Opposition = killed • 1. 5 million killed out of 7 million • Conflict btwn Vietnam + Khmer Rouge increased – 1979 Pol Pot forced from power died 1993 • 1993 United Nations organized democratic elections

Map of South East Asia

Pacific Rim

• After World War II – American Occupation • Until 1952 – Demilitarized • Dismantled armed forces – Democratic Government • New constitution • Emperor- symbol of state – Rebuilding Economy • Trade and Production – Electronics + computer technology • Current Leader: Yukio Hatoyama • Emperor: Akihito Japan

Philippines • 1946 gained independence from USA • 1970 s Ferdinand Marcos – Authoritarian dictator – Imposed martial law – Arrested opponents – Stole $$ millions • 1980 s Benigno Aquino – Opponent – Assassinated • 1986 Corozon Aquino elected President – Return to democracy

The Middle East • Arab States and Israel-1956=Egypt vs. Israel • Iran and Iraq-1950’s -present=oil

The Middle East • Arab Independence • Pan-Arabism • Arab Unity

Challenges in the Middle East • • Israeli-Palestinian relations Golan heights and Lebanon Oil and Water Religion vs. Modernization

Turkey Kemal Ataturk

Cyprus Civil War between Chrisians and Muslims

Egypt • Suez Crisis -1956 President Nasser of Egypt wanted to build a dam. • U. S. offered to help, but Egypt was friendly with USSR. • Nasser retaliated by nationalizing the Suez canal • Britain, France and Israel invaded Egypt. • The UN called for them to leave-USA agreed-USSR threatened rocket attacks on B&F-they left • Outcome=USSR funded the Aswan Dam

Gamal Nasser w/ Yassir Arafat both Muslims

Anwar al-Sadat President of Egypt 1970 -1981 Assassinated by Islamic fundamentalists for making peace with Israel.

Anwar al-Sadat, Jimmy Carter, Menachem Begin at the Camp David Accords 1978

Sadat before the shooting-firing starts and the aftermath

Sadat’s Funeral

Iran • After WWII, shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi relied on the U. S. to block Soviet influence. • Due to the shah westernizing Iran, Iranians disliked him and overthrew him. But with help from USA, the shah was placed back into power. The Shah continued to westernize modernize Iran with its ecnomy based on oil.

Revolution in Iran • 1970’s anti-shah forces rallied around Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a powerful Shiite Muslim leader. • 1979 -the Shah flees Iran and Khomeini formed a government based on Muslim values. • Iranian hatred towards the Shah was also directed to the USA. • November 4, 1979 -militants stormed the American embassy in Tehran and took 52 American hostages. They were not released until January 20, 1981.

Iran • • 1980 s->Iran vs Iraq fight over borders 1988 seized fighting 1989 Khomeini dies-Iran rebuilds economy. Current President of Iran

Russia Invades Afghanistan • Iran is promoting “Islamic revolution” • 1979 -communist Afghanistan fell to Taliban -extremists. • USSR invaded to reinstate the communist government. • Pincer Movement-closing in on Iran to squeeze. Cut off revolution by supplying nearby countries with weapons to fight Iran.

Russia Invades Afghanistan

President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai

Israel • 1947 Palestine still remained under British control. • Arabs wanted Britain to honor a promise of freedom made in the 1900’s. • Zionists wanted their homeland returned to them. • The Holocaust boosted support for the Zionist movement. • Arabs attacked Jewish settlers. (Kibbutzim-collective farms that Jewish settlers lived on in Palestine. • Britain admitted loss of control and handed over Palestine to the UN. • November 29, 1947 -UN voted to partition Palestine • May 14, 1948 - Britain relinquished control of Palestine and proclaimed the new state of Israel. • Within 24 hours Israel was attacked by neighboring countries and the Israeli forces with the help of foreign aid defeated the Arabs.

Arab-Israeli Conflict • 1964 Palestineans formed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) • Six-Day War- June 5, 1967 -Syria sought to end the Israeli state and became allies with Egypt. Fearing attack, Israel sent their fighter jets and destroyed 17 Egyptian airfields and 300 of their 350 warplanes. They also destroyed air forces in Iraq, Jordan and Syria. • Israel tripled its land holdings, seizing the Sinai peninsula, the Gaza Strip from Egypt and the Golan Heights from Syria. Israel also gained East Jerusalem from Jordan. • Israel occupied the West Bank of the Jordan River. The West bank was land designated to the Palestinians from the UN as part of the partition. • The Palestinians never had self-rule, when Israel got the West Bank they also inherited 1 million Palestinians.

Conflict Continues • After 6 -day War UN asks Israel to pull out of occupied territories and Arab countries to recognize Israel’s right to exist-> both sides refused. • 1969 -Yasir Arafat takes control of PLO • 1970 -Anwar el-Sadat becomes president of Egypt. • October 6, 1973 -Egypt and Syria launch an attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day Yom Kippur and during the Muslim holy month of Ramadon. • 1974 UN negotiated a cease-fire agreement. disengagement (military withdrawal).

Conflict in the Middle East • U. S. A. supported Israel during this conflict which angered Arab countries. • Arab countries imposed an embargo on oil sales to Israel’s allies in 1973. • Additional pressure came from the Oraganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)quadrupling the price of oil. • 1977 -Egypt’s President Sadat accepted an invitation to visit Israel-1 st Arab leader to step in peace on Israeli soil. • 1978 - Sadat met with Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel and President Jimmy Carter (USA) in Maryland at Camp David.

Golda Meier: Prime Minister of Israel, Known as Iron Lady. Served from 1969 -1974

1972: Munich Olympics

• Camp David-Carter, Sadat & Begin met for 12 days to discuss peace=Camp David Accords. • 1979 March-Egypt recognized Israel’s right to exist. Israel gave up the Sinai peninsula. • 1981 -Muslim extremists assassinated Sadat because he threatened Arab Unity. • The Palestinian Issue-> PLO is considered a terrorist group because of constant hijackings and bombings in Israel and foreign countries. • Why? Palestinians were treated poorly and wanted freedom.

Palestinian Issue • 1987 -intifada-uprising against Israelis from the Gaza Strip to West Bank. • 1991 -peace process begins • 1992 -agreed to exchange some land for security guarantees and to accept self-rule by the Palestinians. • 1993 -Israel and PLO recognized each other and agreed to eventual self-rule for the Palestinians and Gaza Strip and Israel would withdraw military from both sides. • 1994 -Israel and Jordan sign a peace treaty. • Turmoil continued and still does over borders and broken treaties.

Yasir Arafat 1929 -2004 President of the Palestine National Authority and Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Considered by many to be a terrorist, he has in recent years been accepted as the legitimate authority for the Palestinians.

President of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas

Moshe Katsav: President of Israel

Lebanon President Michel Sulayman

How did Iraq become Iraq? • Iraq is also a colonial legacy. • British mapmaking created Iraq. • Within its borders there are various ethnic groups. • Kurds -are Sunni Muslims • Shiite Muslims

Persian Gulf War • August 1990 -Iraq is debt. President Saddam Hussein sent forces into Kuwait trying to reclaim it as their own. Saudi Arabia asked USA for help. UN asked for an embargo in Iraq, but Iraq would not leave. • 1991 -Persian Gulf War begins. USA rains missles on Bagdhad from various areas in the Middles East. Iraqi forces set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields and continued to move in-but forces were able to stop the Iraqi’s and Iraq was defeated. • After the war Hussein successfully crushed Kurdish and Shiite rebels. World public opinion condemned Hussein’s treatment of his people.

Iraq President Jalal Talabani

LATIN AMERICA Unrest In L A= • Social inequality • Poverty • Rapid urbanization • Ideologies compete • Expanding agriculture Struggles of individuals all led to CHANGE

Latin America • • Common Heritage + Culture Spanish of Portuguese Class hierarchy influence most lives Democracy has a troubled history Economic development has had mixed success Religion plays a significant role in politics Role of Women has remained unchanged

Mexico • After WWII, Mexico was the most stable. • 1970’s Mexico faced economic hardship. Owing foreign powers millions of dollars. • 1985 -devastating earthquake hit the capital Mexico City causing billions of dollars in damage. • Relations with USA worsened over drug smuggling and illegal immigration.

Mexico • 1988 -Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari sought to create jobs for Mexicans by attracting more foreign aid. • 1993 -> NAFTA-North America Free Trade Agreement was created. • Committed Mexico, USA, and Canada to removing trade barriers among the three countries. • During the 1990’s Mexico’s government allowed other parties to be part of the political process. • Major problem with USA-> immigration laws.

President of Mexico Felipe De Jesus Calderon Hinojosa

CUBA • Cuba-1898 gained independence from Spain. • 1952 -Fulgencio Batista gained powerrepressive and corrupt. • 1959 -Fidel Castro with guerrilla army gained control and established a communists dictatorship.

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista

Bay of Pigs

Bay of Pigs • What was it? • April 1961 the U. S. tried to overthrow Castro. 1, 500 anti. Castro exiles trained by the CIA landed in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. They tried to rally a revolution. At the last minute President Kennedy barred open American military support. • What were the results? The revolt failed and the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. Soviet leader Krushchev installed nuclear missiles on Cuba and Kennedy ordered 200 warships to blockade Cuba and stop shipments from USSR. American forces were on full alert. After 4 days, negotiations ended the crisis. US imposed an economic embargo on Cuba and the US are still opponents.

Range of Soviet Missiles Launched From Cuba

Raul Castro

Iran Contra-> Nicaragua • Nicaragua-> Iran-Contra scandal 1987 • 1980’s Civil war breaks out. Nic gov’t received aid(military) from Cuba and USSR. The USA supported the rebels aka sandinistas. • 1985 Congress banned military aid to the contras fearing another Vietnam, but members of President Reagan’s staff continued to send secret funds. • Where does Iran come in? Allegedly the US was selling weapons to Iran to get the money to give to the contras.

President of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega

Guatemala • Guatemala has been torn apart by conflict from ethnic and social divisions. • Natives vs Spanish speaking. • Civil War began in 1966 and ended in 1996. • As a result more than 100, 000 people died, 46, 000 others were missing and 1 million civilians were refugees

Guatemala President Alvaro Colom Caballeros

Panama • Relatively peaceful after WWII. • Prosperity came from American owned Panama Canal. • 1977 President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian President Omar Torrijos signed the Panama Canal treaties. Panama would take control of the Canal on December 31, 1999 and remain open to all ships and the US would have the right to protect the canal’s neutrality. • 1988 General Manuel Noriega became president. • His role in drug smuggling increased tensions with the US. • 1989 Noriega was seized and brought to Florida, where in 1992 he was tried and convicted of drug smuggling. • Panama is now working to end drug smuggling and attract foreign investors.

Manual Noriega

Panama Canal

President of Panama Martin Torrijos Espino

South America • Argentina-Peron (Juan + Eva) • 1940’s-1970’s dictatorship. • 1989 -severe inflation caused depression • 1990’s decade of improvement. • Argentina, Brazil, Parguay, and Uruguay formed Mercosur a free trade agreement.

Che Guevara • Argentinian Communist Revolutionary • Opposed Peron’s gov’t • Guerrilla leader of revolution helped Mexico, Cuba, and South America • Captured and executed 1967

President Argentina Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner

Brazil • • • Portuguese speaking country Exported rubber, coffee, timber Human and natural reasources “Giant” among L A Amazon Rain Forest=deforestation

President of Brazil Luiz Inacio Da Silva

Venezuela • 1830 -independence from colonial rule • Rule by caudillos until 1958 and start of democracy • 1970 s OIL is discovered join OPEC – Nationalized oil company • Hugo Chavez takes office 1999 • Purchased half of Citco

President of Venezuela Hugo Chaves Frias

Chile • Chile-strongest traditions of democracy today. • 1973 -democracy put to end by Augusto Pinochetrutheless dictator. Killed or imprisoned 1 in every 100 Chileans-lost power in 1988. • By 1997, Chile had one of the strongest economies in Latin America.

President of Chile Michelle Bachelet

President of Colombia Alvaro Uribe Velez

President of Bolivia Juan Evo Morales Ayma

President of Peru Alan Garcia Perez

President of Ecuador Rafael Correa Delgado

A f ri c a

Africa • World War II brought an end to European Colonialism. • Africans desired for freedom. • Colonies gained their freedom through peaceful and violent means.

Africa’s Challenges • • • National Unity Pan-Africanism Economic Development Soaring Population Famine-Desertification Literacy AIDS epidemic Spread of Disease Tribal Warfare

Independence * = Conflict Egypt 1922 Libya 1951 Tunisia 1956 Algeria 1962 * Morocco 1956 Western Sahara-nc Mauritania 1960 Mali 1960 Niger 1960 Chad 1960 Sudan 1956 Ethiopia Nc Djibouti 1977 Somalia 1960 Kenya 1963 * Uganda 1962 C. A. R. 1960 Cameroon 1960 * Nigeria 1960 Benin 1960 Ghana 1957 Ivory Coast Guinea 1960 1958 Sierra Leone 1961 Senegal 1960 Congo 1960 Zaire 1960 * Rwanda 1962 Tanzania 1961 Mozambique 1975 * Zimbabawe 1979 * Bostwana 1966 Namibia * Zambia 1964 Madagascar 1960 Swaziland 1968 South Africa 1910 Togo 1960 Liberia Nc Angola 1975 *

African Independence • First successes took place in North Africa. • Many territories were of Muslim religion

• Libya (1951) discovered oil and became very rich. 1969 Qaddafi took over and is still in power. • Qadhafi-1969 takes control-anti. Islamic • Supported revolution around the world. • Anti-American • U. S. bombed Libya in the 80’smajor pain. • Recently gave up nuclear weapons. • Needs to better economy (tourism) Libya

Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi •

Nigeria • 250 ethnic groups • Civil War btwn Muslim Hausa and Ibo tribe-million died • Military regime • President: Umaru Yar’Adua

Algeria President of Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika • Controlled by France from 1830 -1962 • Algeria-Colons – (colonists took over and took the best of everything. ) • Natives fought the colons (French) • 1954 National Liberation Front formed – Attack French – Resulted in many deaths • 1962 gained Independence

South Africa • Run by white settlers- Afrikaners – 1910 independence from Britain – Freedoms limited to nonwhites • Apartheid “apartness” – 1948 Afrikaners dominated national Partt/gov’t – Divided white, black, colored (mixed) + Asian – Banned interracial marriages – Restrictions on African ownership of land + businesses – Carry Passes/Identity Cards (lived + worked) • Imprisoned if out 72 hours or more w/out pass – Limits on where Africans could live • “homelands” divided by tribes • Poor resources + farmland • Men forced to migrate to find work-separated families – Caused people to be aliens in own country

Political Changes • 1900 s African National Congress Forms – Protest apartheid • Nelson Mandela – 1952 organized campaign against apartheid – 1960 Sharpeville Massacre • ANC violence against violence • Mandela jailed – 1976 Soweto Uprising • Forced Africans to speak white minority language • Students protested (600 killed + 4, 000 wounded) – International Community (U. N. and European Union) • Imposed trade sanctions/restriction “South Africa not welcomed” – 1990 F. W. de Klerk • Legalized ANC • Released Mandela from prison • Abolished homelands + apartheid

South Africa Bishop Desmond Tutu received Nobel Peace Prize for work Nelson Mandela elected President 1994

• Congo-1960, A Belgian colony became independent- renamed the country Zaire • 1970’s-90’s ruled by Mobuto Sese Seko a dictator. • 1996 -rebellion led by Laurent Kabila defeated Seko in 1997 renamed Congo-Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Angola • Controlled by Portugal – Military coups + civil wars drained Portuagal’s economy – 1975 Portugal withdrew • Angola-1975 • President: Jose Eduardo dos Santos

Kenya • British Colony • Problems between Kenyan Farmers (settlers) + Kikuyu People – Farmers feared losing land – Coffee cash crop • Jomo Kenyatta – Protested white minority – Imprisoned b/c accused of Mau movemnt (terorized • Kenya-independence movement led by Jomo Kenyatta gained independence in 1963. President: Mwai Kibaki

Zimbabwe • Rhodesia-at one point ruled by white settlers, after years of fighting, settlers handed the country back to natives -renamed Zimbabwe (1980) • President: Robert Mugabe worst/ cruelest in the world!

Rwanda President: Paul Kagame • Rwanda and Burundi-led to violent conflict. (1994) • Differences among ethnic groups. (Hutu vs. Tutsi) Hutu forces killed 1 million Tutsi’s. (genocide). • 2 million refugees fled region and settled on border of Zaire. Facing mass starvation.

Ethiopia • Major drought and famine lead to starvation crisis • President: Meles Zenawi

Somalia • 1992 Drought led to Starvation • Warring militias stole food from international relief agencies • U. N. and USA tried to help but not successful • President: Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke

• Somalia-1980’s rival clans • • • fought for control of government. Drought hit and mass starvation occurred. 1992 UN forces sent military forces to protect relief organizations. Clan fighting continued and included foreign troops. 1995 -foreign troops withdrew after the worst of the famine had ended. Civil War based on borders and religion Millions have been killed =genocide Sudan President: Omar al-Bashir

Problems with the World Today • Trade and Globalization – Globalization (trade + culture link together) – Interdependence (countries depend on each other for resources, goods + services *oil) – Developed Countries (industrialized w/strong economy) – Developing Countries (less productive) – Multinational Corporations (large companies operate in multiple countries) – Outsourcing (work elsewhere to cut costs of production) – Free Trade (exchange of goods among nations w/out tade barriers) • 1948: GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs) becomes 1995 WTO (World Trade Organization) ->150 members • OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries->oil rich 1960)

• Regional Trade –free trade + economic issues • • • EU: European Union -25 members, 1993 NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement: 1993 ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations SADC: Southern African Development Community G-6: Group of Eight discuss economy + environment 1975 • Cultural Diffusion: spread of ideas from one culture to another • Popular Culture: traits such as food, sports, + music • Effects: World Community, loss of traditional cultures

Social Changes • Human Rights – 1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Abuse most common in countries w/out democracy – NGO: Nongovernmental Organization-provide services to promote policies ex. International Red Cross • Poverty – Famine • Disease – Epidemic (HIV/AIDS, SAARS)