FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY Olga Korobeynikova 1

FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY Olga Korobeynikova

1. SPA 2. Step one: Prewriting (thinking about your topic) O Brainstorming O Clustering O Freewriting O Keeping a Journal 3. Step Two: Planning (organizing your material) 4. Step Three: Drafting (using your ideas to write a first draft) O State your point O Support your point O Guide to Different Kinds of Essays 5. Step Four: Revising (improving the content) 6. Step Five: Editing (checking grammar, spelling, and etc. )

SPA O A subject that you know well and understand O A clear purpose for writing O An audience that you have identified

SUBJECT The process of narrowing down the general subject O ENTERTAINMENT O CONCERTS O THE MOVIES O ROCK CONCERTS O ROLLING STONES O MOVIE HISTORY O EARLY HISTORY O ’ 93 WORLD TOUR O SILENT FILM ERA

TASK 1. Go through the process of narrowing down the general subject O TELEVISION O INNER-CITY PROGRAMS CRIME O ______________ O ________ O ______

PURPOSE O THREE MOST COMMON PURPOSES: O TO ENTERTAIN O TO INFORM O TO PERSUADE

TASK 2. Identify the purpose of the following selections Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king's horses and all the King's men Couldn't put Humpty together again. President Barack Obama will campaign in Madison on Thursday, a day after his first debate with Republican challenger Mitt Romney. Opponents characterized his second Wisconsin appearance in two weeks as a sign of a worried campaign. Others think he probably just wants to lap up some lefty love — and draw an easy crowd — following the high-stakes debate.

TASK 2. Identify the purpose of the following selections Holiday Brunches O Holiday Brunches are a tradition at the Old. World family restaurant. Mother's Day, Fathers Day, Easter & Thanksgiving, are the dates you should come by. Our Holiday brunches include a host of German, Austrian and American favorites. Check out the events we'll be hosting and make reservations early. O

TASK 2. Identify the purpose of the following selections O Multiple Discounts With One Rental O Alamo Rent a Car is one of the few rental car agencies that allows its customers to "stack" coupons. This means you are allowed to use more than one type of discount with each rental. If you are a Sam's Club member and also have another type of discount for Alamo, such as a discount coupon from a vacation club, you can use both discounts when reserving your car on the Alamo website. O

TASK 3. Put each type of writing in the appropriate box. Plays Memos Songs Essays Poetry Jokes Stories Comparisons Editorials Newspaper articles entertain Inform persuade

AUDIENCE O S and P are greatly affected by whom you expect will read the final product (AUDIENCE) A letter to your friend/boss: Official Dear Sir Love, Jack I a writing to let you know… Friendly Hey, Sis Sincerely, Jack Norris Just a short note to let you know…

TASK 4. Choose a subject, determine the purpose and identify the audience O Your hometown O Your school O Your family O Subject: _____________ O Purpose: _____________ O Audience: _____________

THE WRITING PROCESS O Step one: Prewriting (thinking about your topic) O Step Two: Planning (organizing your material) O Step Three: Drafting (using your ideas to write a first draft) O Step Four: Revising (improving the content) O Step Five: Editing (checking grammar, spelling, and etc. )

PREWRITING PURPOSE: Generate ideas for writing PREWRITING METHODS: O Brainstorming O Clustering O Freewriting O Keeping a Journal

Word Clusters

Word association cloud (http: //www. wordle. net/)

Word association cloud

O http: //www. makeuseof. com/tag/top-picks- coolest-brainstorming-applications/ O http: //www. tripwiremagazine. com/2011/06 /online-mind-mapping-and-brainstormingtools. html

Mind Map

Brainstorm (bubbl. us)

Freewriting Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Friendship exists where tastes, feelings and sentiments are similar. My mind just went blank. Economic disparity damages friendship. It is said that a friend in need is a friend in deed. Only a sincere and faithful friend remains with us at the time of our trouble. My mind just went blank. It is very painful when our friends turn traitors.

Paragraph Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Friendship does not exist where tastes, feelings and sentiments are not similar. Moreover, friendship is a feeling of affection between two likeminded persons of a uniform status. The famous essayist Bacon has warned against the friendship between a very rich person and a very poor person. On the other hand, it is said that a friend in need is a friend indeed. We can examine the sincerity of a friend during our time of hardship. Only a sincere and faithful friend remains with us at the time of our trouble.

Keeping a diary 1. Make sure your diary reflects your personality: O gluing in photographs, making sketches and drawings, writing poems, choosing a quotation or a goal of the day 2. Write in some basic information about yourself on the first page. 3. Start your first entry by labeling the top with the weekday and date, the time, and possibly where you were when writing that entry. 4. Don't be afraid to even give your diary a name. 5. You can write your frustrations and celebrations, but also write everyday things about your schedule, your friends, and the things you like to do. 6. Start again if you have a break from writing. 7. Read your old entries every so often and see what you think now in comparison to then.

Encourage your students! Official Stories O Keeping a diary makes you happier O Psychologists say 'Bridget Jones effect' of writing about feelings helps brain regulate emotions O Ian Sample, science correspondent O guardian. co. uk, Sunday 15 February 2009 11. 21 GMT

Encourage your students! Personal Stories «I started keeping a diary at age 12. That was more than 40 years ago. I'm now on volume 51. I wrote down things that my Aunt Jean told me about her childhood never dreaming that they'd be needed on my history pages 30 years later because no one else had that information any more! She's dead. So are her siblings. I'm the oldest generation in the family now, and the "Keeper of the History"» .

PLANNING O Purpose: Organize your ideas O Example: O Prewriting (Brainstorming) Planning

PLANNING Topic: Superstitions Start with Brainstorming O Friday 13 th O Sit on left side of plane O Wear green when I fly O Sit I the center of room for O Pearl necklace for tests O Wear lucky T-shirt for games O Don’t step on cracks O Switch watch to right wrist for tests O Never start a trip on Friday O Use lucky shoelaces in tennis shoes tests O Finding a penny O Eat scrambled eggs on day of a game

PLANNING Topic: Superstitions O SCHOOL: O SPORTS: O Sit I the center of room for tests O Wear lucky T-shirt for games O Pearl necklace for tests O Use lucky shoelaces in tennis shoes O Switch watch to right wrist for tests O Eat scrambled eggs on day of a game O TRAVEL: O Wear green when I fly O Sit on left side of plane O Never start a trip on Friday O DO NOT BELONG TO ANY CATEGORY: O Don’t step on cracks O Finding a penny O Friday 13 th O Move to Planning

PLANNING O Topic: My Superstitions O 1. Superstitions about school a. Sit I the center of room for tests b. Pearl necklace for tests c. Switch watch to right wrist for tests O 2. Superstitions about travel a. Wear green when I fly b. Sit on left side of plane c. Never start a trip on Friday 3. Superstitions about sports a. Wear lucky T-shirt for games b. Use lucky shoelaces in tennis shoes c. Eat scrambled eggs on day of a game

PLANNING O TASK 5: O Prewriting (Brainstorming) O TELEVISION PROGRAMS O INNER-CITY CRIME Planning

DRAFTING O STATE YOUR POINT Topic Sentence states the topic of identifies the paragraph controlling idea O SUPPORT YOUR POINT O Reasons, facts, and examples expresses the writer’s attitude

DRAFTING O TOPIC SENTENCE O Nuclear power is our greatest hope for solving the energy crisis. O Nuclear power is the greatest threat to life on the planet. O What is the topic/controlling idea/author’s attitude?

DRAFTING O TOPIC SENTENCE Three mistakes to avoid: The topic sentence …. . is too general is too narrow lacks a controlling idea

DRAFTING TASK 6 : EVALUATING TOPIC SENTENCE 1. Many people like to exercise. (too general) 2. I swim laps for 30 minutes every morning. (too narrow) 3. The subject of this paragraph is my exercise routine. (lacks controlling idea) 4. Exercising every morning has several positive effects on my health. (effective topic sentence)

DRAFTING TASK 6: EVALUATING TOPIC SENTENCE 1. Vacations are expensive. (too general) 2. The history of American music is the subject of this paper. (lacks controlling idea) 3. Russian is a difficult language to learn. (too general) 4. There are over 50, 000 characters in the Chinese language. (too narrow) TASK 7: Rewrite the sentences above to get effective topic sentences

DRAFTING TASK 8: p. 19 Read the paragraph. Identify the topic sentence and supporting details. TASK 9: p. 20 Read the paragraphs. Answer the questions that follow them. Identify the topic sentence and supporting details in paragraph 1.

DRAFTING UNITY All the supporting sentences relate to the main topic and develop the controlling idea. COHERENCE To achieve coherence, you need: 1. A clear plan of arrangement 2. Transitions to connect your ideas

DRAFTING 1. A clear plan of arrangement a. time order b. spatial order c. order of importance

DRAFTING 2. Transitions to connect your ideas

DRAFTING Relation Explanation ship Words When you want to add an also, in addition, moreover, idea or paragraph to the Addition besides, furthermore, equally previous one, choose an important, finally "addition" transition. Use "example" transitions as an illustration, for example, for when your next paragraph or Example instance, thus, namely, idea gives a specific example specifically, to demonstrate to support your previous idea. however, nevertheless, These words help you move nonetheless, conversely, in Contrast to an idea that counters your contrast, still, at the same time, earlier idea. on the other hand

DRAFTING Relation Explanation ship Words Compari These words allow you to son compare two ideas. similarly, along the same lines, likewise, in the same way, also Result Use "result" words to show that one fact or idea is the result of another. therefore, thus, as a result, accordingly, consequently, so, hence Order These words can either show first, second, third, next, then, the order in which an event finally, afterwards, before, soon, happened, or simply reveal later, meanwhile, subsequently, the order of your paragraphs immediately, eventually, currently in an essay.

DRAFTING Relationship Explanation Words Concession "Concessions" allow you to soften or weaken a of course, to be sure, certainly, granted previous statement or paragraph. Process after a few hours, immediately, following, afterwards, initially, at last, in the end, at the same time, In the future, before, in the meantime, before this, in the Transition words indicate meanwhile, currently, last but not least, that one step has been lastly, during, later, eventually, completed and a new one meanwhile, finally, next, soon after, will begin. first, second, third, etc. , previously, first of all, simultaneously, formerly, subsequently, immediately before, then

DRAFTING Relationshi Explanation p To blend details smoothly in Cause/Effect cause and effect essays, use these transitional words. Place Words because, consequently, therefore, for this reason, as a result accordingly, for this purpose, hence, so, then, thereupon, thus, to this end above, adjacent to, below, beyond, closer Use these words to indicate the to, elsewhere, farther on, here, near, place of the event described. nearby, opposite to, there, to the left, to the right Summary, Repetition, or These words are used as Conclusion transition to conclusion. as a result, as has been noted, as I have said, as we have seen, as mentioned earlier, in any event, in conclusion, in other words, in short, on the whole, therefore, to summarize

FIVE PARAGRAPH ESSAY O Guide to Different Kinds of Essays descriptive cause/effect argumentative narrative process definition compare/contrast

Descriptive O The descriptive essay provides details about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, makes one feel, or sounds: O a lot of sensory details O could be a list-like description that provides point by point details O could function as a story, keeping the reader interested in the plot and theme of the event described

Definition O A definition essay attempts to define a specific term. O The analysis goes deeper than a simple dictionary definition; it should attempt to explain why the term is defined as such. O It could define the term directly, giving no information other than the explanation of the term. Or, it could imply the definition of the term, telling a story that requires the reader to infer the meaning.

Compare/Contrast O The compare/contrast essay discusses the similarities and differences between two things, people, concepts, places, etc. O The essay could be an unbiased discussion, or an attempt to convince the reader of the benefits of one thing, person, or concept. O The essay could discuss both similarities and differences, or it could just focus on one or the other. A comparison essay usually discusses the similarities between two things, while the contrast essay discusses the differences

Compare/Contrast

Cause/Effect O The cause/effect essay explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted from the event. O The essay could discuss both causes and effects, or it could simply address one or the other. A cause essay usually discusses the reasons why something happened. An effect essay discusses what happens after a specific event or circumstance.

Narrative O The narrative essay tells a story. It can also be called a "short story. " O Generally the narrative essay is conversational in style, and tells of a personal experience. O This essay could tell of a single, life-shaping event, or simply a mundane daily experience.

Process O A process essay describes how something is done. It generally explains actions that should be performed in a series. O It can explain in detail how to accomplish a specific task, or it can show an individual came to a certain personal awareness. O The essay could be in the form of step-bystep instructions, or in story form, with the instructions/explanations subtly given along the way.

Argumentative O An argumentative essay is one that attempts to persuade the reader to the writer's point of view. O The writer can either be serious or funny, but always tries to convince the reader of the validity of his or her opinion. O The essay may argue openly, or it may attempt to subtly persuade the reader by using irony or sarcasm.

Argumentative

DRAFTING 1. What parts does the 2. 3. 4. 5. essay consist of? What is thesis statement of the essay? What is supporting idea? What details are included into the outline and why? What do we write in conclusion? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction, Body, Conclusion It states purpose and introduces 3 main points It provides supporting details Details supporting thesis statement Final comments

Title: __________ I. Introduction A. Introductory statement B. Thesis statement: ______ II. Body A. First Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence): __________ 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ B. Second Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence): __________ 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ A. Third Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence): __________ 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ III. Conclusion A. Closing statement B. Restate thesis: ______

DRAFTING O TASK 10 O Read the essay “The Hazards of Movie going” and divide it into paragraphs: Introductory paragraph (Thesis), First supporting paragraph, Second supporting paragraph, Third supporting paragraph, and Concluding paragraph.

Title: The Hazards of Moviegoing I. Introduction A. Introductory statement B. Thesis statement: I like watching movies but I prefer watching them at home. II. Body A. First Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence): just getting to theater presents difficulties 1. bad weather 2. long drive and limited parking space 3. long waiting to buy ticket B. Second Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence): facing the problems of theater itself 1. old theater's problems such as smelly carpet, worn-out seat, etc 2. new theater's problems such as smaller size, noise from next movie theater, etc 3. both floors will be rubber-like dirty at the end of the movie C. Third Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence): some of the patrons are annoying 1. bad behavior such as running, talking loud, etc 2. human noise and disturbance III. Conclusion A. Closing statement B. Restate thesis: I prefer to watch movies at home where it is comfortable, clean and safe.

DRAFTING-THE INTRODUCTION to provide background information Introduction to capture reader’s interest function to state thesis A. Move from general to specific B. Use an anecdote C. Use a quotation D. Ask a question E. Present facts and statistics

DRAFTING Thesis statement identifies the subject of the essay and establishes the aspects of the subject that the essay will deal with.

DRAFTING –THE BODY A. The Body consists of several paragraphs B. Each paragraph develops one point from thesis statement C. The paragraphs begin with a topic sentence D. The paragraphs should be arranged in the order stated in thesis statement

DRAFTING –THE CONCLUSION A. Summarize your main point B. Ask a question C. Suggest a solution, offer a recommendation, or make a prediction

REVISING A. Add new ideas or more specific support B. Eliminate irrelevant sentences C. Rearrange ideas to improve the organization

REVISING 1. Does the introduction create interest in the topic for readers? 2. Does the introduction state the main idea of the essay in a clear thesis statement? 3. Does the first body paragraph have a topic sentence that states the main supporting point? 4. Does every sentence in that paragraph support the topic sentence? 5. Have irrelevant sentences been eliminated? 6. Are the sentences arranged in a logical order? 7. Are there transitions to guide the reader from one idea to the next? 8. Repeat steps 3 -7 for the second and third paragraphs. 9. Do the supporting paragraphs provide adequate support and enough specific information to develop and prove the point? 10. Does the conclusion summarize the main ideas of the essay? 11. Does the title of the essay give readers a good idea of what it will be about? If the answer to any of the questions “not yet”, go back and try to improve your essay.

EDITING 1. Is the first sentence of each new paragraph indented? 2. Does the first word of each sentence begin with a capital letter? 3. Is the punctuation correct in all the sentences? 4. Are all the sentences complete sentences (S+V)? 5. Have you eliminated runon sentences? 6. Have you used the correct verb tense throughout your draft? 7. Do you have arrangements of subjects and verbs? 8. Do you have agreement of nouns and possessive pronouns? 9. Have you used correct word order in all your sentences? 10. Are all your words spelled correctly? If the answer to any of the questions “not yet”, go back and try to improve your essay.

H/A: Ready to Write O You are going to write an article for the travel section of a newspaper. The focus of your article will be how to plan a trip that will be economical, educational, and fun. You will present two parts: PART I. Presentation: A. prewriting 1. brainstorm a list of ideas for your article 2. Group the items on the list that go together 3. Cross out items that do not belong B. Planning Make an outline of your essay PART II. In writing C. Drafting D. Revising E. Editing