French endocentric compounds • bateau-mouche Nmasc + Nfém Nmasc • maison-témoin Nfém + Nmasc Nfém • jaune-citron. Adj • citron-vert. N
Exocentric compounds • black belt. N = black. Adj + belt. N – person who has a black belt – neither a kind of belt nor a kind of black – the semantic head is not part of the compound exocentric compound – problem of the syntactic head
More exocentric compounds • scarecrow (V + N) • porte-manteau (V + N) • blouson noir (N + Adj)
Meaning relations in compounds • windmill, flour mill, pepper mill, etc. • N + mill – morphologically constructed meaning: “mill having some relation to N” • Lexeme meanings: – Windmill = mill that uses wind as energy source – Flour mill = mill that produces flour – Pepper mill = mill that grinds pepper
Derivational morphology • Derivational morphemes – Derivational prefixes re-, dis-, trans-, un– Derivational suffixes -ish, -ness, -ly • Apply to a stem and give a derived lexeme • Affixes are signs : form + meaning • Grammatical (abstract, instructional) meaning
Meaning of affixes • • desirable likely inspired happy developed sophisticated ADJECTIVE • • undesirable unlikely uninspired unhappy undeveloped unsophisticated Form: UN- + ADJECTIVE Meaning: not + “adjective”
Categorial and meaning constraints on affixes: un-Adj → Adj • Categorial constraints: un-Adj → Adj • Meaning: the meaning of the adjective obtained by prefixing un- to an adjective stem is ‘not “adj 1” ’, where “adj 1” is the meaning of the stem adjective. – un-Adj → Adj + true. Adj untrue. Adj – ‘untrue’ = ‘not true’
Meaning constraints on stems • unhappy vs. ? ? unsad • untrue vs. ? ? unfalse • unsafe vs. ? ? undangerous • unequal, unpublished, unquestionable
Categorial and meaning constraints on affixes: un-V → V – wrap/unwrap – wind/unwind – tie/untie • Categorial constraints: un-V → V • Meaning: the meaning of the verb obtained by prefixing un- to a verb stem is ‘reverse of the action v 1” ’, where “v 1” is the meaning of the stem.
Meaning constraints on stems • • ? ? unanswer a question ? ? ungive a gift ? ? unmake Generally, people make acquaintances after saying hi and exchanging a few pleasantries. It's important to know that you cannot unmake an acquaintance.
Categorial and meaning constraints on affixes: un-N → V N V mask unmask he unmasked the spy horse unhorse he unhorsed his enemy saddle unsaddle he unsaddled the horse Semantics: to un-N NP = remove N from NP or remove NP from N
Meaning constraints on affixes: un-V → V and un-N → V • • • Fromkin et al. p. 90 undo: reverse doing untread: reverse treading unearth: remove something from the earth unfrock: remove his frock (from the cleric) deprive a cleric of his ecclesiastic rank • unnerve: remove the nerve from (=frigthen, bother)
Meaning constraints on affixes: un-V → V and un-N → V • unrip • unloosen
Categorial and meaning constraints on affixes – happy/happiness – faithful/faithfulness – cold/coldness • Categorial constraints: -ness. Adj → N • Meaning: the meaning of the noun obtained by suffixing –ness to an adjective stem is ‘state denoted by “adj” ’, where “adj” is the meaning of the stem.
Rule productivity • Synchronic productivity in neology – wide. Adj width. N – long. Adj length. N – strong. Adj strength. N • One cannot form new nouns from adjectives using the suffix –th, thus -th is non productive
Rule productivity and lexical gaps • Limited applicability of affixes to bases of the correct category and meaning • -ness. Adj → N • -ity. Adj → N (rapidity, stupidity, certainty) rapidity ? ? rapidness *slowity slowness certainty ? ? certainness *sadity sadness stupidity %stupidness
Order of derivations • unhappily = un + happy + ly • 3 possible orders of derivation
(1) unhappily. Adv un. Adj happy. Adj ly. Adj→Adv (3) (2) unhappy. Adj unhappily. Adv un. Adj happily. Adv unhappily. Adv ly. Adj→Adv un. Adj happy. Adj ly. Adj→Adv
Conversion (Zero derivation) • • • nail. N nail. V love. V love. N red. Adj red. N clean. Adj clean. V down. Adv/Prep down. V , down. Adj – to walk down (the street) – to down a beer – to feel down
Allomorphy • • • long length wide width flower florist house. N house. V permit. V permit. N • LONG = {/ /, / /} • WIDE = {/ /, / /} • FLOWER = {/ /, / /} • HOUSE = {/ /, / /} • PERMIT = {/ /, / /}
Phonologically conditioned allomorphy • cats • dogs • bushes • PLURAL = {/ /, / /}
Suppletion • think, thought • drink, drank, drunk • know, knew, known • loaf, loaves • mouse, mice • child, children
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