Franklin D Roosevelt and The Shadow of War

Franklin D. Roosevelt and The Shadow of War Chapter 35 1933 -1941

The London Conference • Summer 1933 – 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference • Hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. • US did not attend because FDR did not agree with the economic policies • Global trend toward nationalism on the rise

Phillipines • While nationalism was on the rise, US took an isolationism policy • Tydings-Mc. Duffie Act – 1934 - provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 • US did not want to support Phil if Japan attacked there

The Soviet Union • 1933 - US officially recognized the USSR • Opened trade • Friendly counterweight to Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia

Becoming a Good Neighbor • Good Neighbor Policy - renounced armed intervention in Latin America • The last marines left Haiti in 1934 • Cuba was released from US control • Grip on Panama relaxed in 1936

Reciprocal Trade Agreement • Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934. • Pact with 21 countries by the end of 1939 to lower trade tariffs • U. S. foreign trade increased dramatically

Isolation Impulse • • • 1922 – Benito Mussolini takes over Italy 1929 – Joseph Stalin takes over Russia 1932 – Adolph Hitler takes over Germany 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis created 1935 – Italy attacks Ethiopia Americans retain their isolationist stance!

Joseph Stalin • Russian Dictator • 1929 -1953 • He helped to turn Russia into a great industrial nation through Communism

Benito Mussolini • • Italian Dictator 1922 -1943 Fascist Allied with Adolph Hitler and Nazi Germany

Adolf Hitler • German Fascist Leader • 1932 -1945 • Led Nazi Germany in WWII

Neutrality • U. S. Congress passed the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 • The acts were made to keep the US out of international conflict.

Spanish Civil War 1936 -1939 • Spanish rebels led by Gen. Francisco Franco rose against the government in Madrid • Assisted by Mussolini and Hitler, Franco defeated Russian supported Loyalists

Appeasement • 1937 – Japan led an all-out invasion of China • FDR remained neutral and Japan cont. to buy war supplies from US • 1935 – Hitler announces mandatory military service • 1936 – A. H. took over German Rhineland • 1938 – Hitler invaded Austria

Munich Conference • Sept. 1938 – European nations betrayed Czechoslovakia and gave Germany the Sudetenland • They hoped Hitler would be appeased • March 1939 – Hitler took over Czech.

USSR-Germany • Aug. 23, 1939 – Germany and USSR sign a nonaggression pact • Hitler-Stalin Pact – meant Germany could attack Poland without fear of USSR • Sept. 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland • Britain and France declared war on Germany • WWII had begun!

The Fall of France • The months after the invasion of Poland – “phony war” – no violence or attacks • Soviet Union takes over Finland • Hitler takes over Norway, Denmark, The Netherlands and Belgium in 1940 • June 1940 – France was forced to surrender • FDR calls on US to build up military • Congress agreed to spend $37 Billion

Getting Ready for War • Sept. 6, 1940 – Congress passed conscription laws • 1 st peace time draft • 1. 2 million troops and 800, 000 reservists each year • US restates Monroe Doctrine – European nations must stay out of Western Hemisphere (1823) and Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

The Battle of Britain (1940) • Aug. 1940 – Hitler launched air attacks on Britain • Battle of Britain – German attacks on the British Islands lasted for months. • Americans grew sympathetic toward Great Britain.

Two Different Approaches • Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies – supported helping the British • The America First Committee – committed to isolation • September 2, 1940 – FDR agreed to transfer 50 destroyers left over from WWI to Britain. • In return, Britain agreed to hand over 8 valuable defensive base sites to the US. • This was a flagrant violation of the neutrality obligations.

Two Term Tradition ? ? • Wendell L. Willkie (R) • Franklin Roosevelt (D) • Election of 1940 was won by FDR, Willkie supported many New Deal Programs

Lend-Lease Program • Lend-Lease Bill passed in 1941 • It allowed for American arms to be lent or leased to the democracies of the world that needed them. When the war was over, the guns and tanks could be returned. • Lend-Lease was a challenge to Axis dictators; Hitler viewed it as an unofficial declaration of war

Hitler Invades USSR • Nations were bound by Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 • June 22, 1941 – Hitler invaded USSR • The Atlantic Conf was held in Aug. 1941 • FDR and Churchill met to discuss problems • They came up with The Atlantic Charter – outlining desires of world democracies

Surprise Assault of Pearl Harbor • U. S. demanded that Japan clear out of China • Dec. 7, 1941 – Japanese bombers attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii killing 2, 348 people • Dec. 11, 1941 – US declares war