Foundations 8000 BCE to 600 CE Farming

Foundations – 8000 BCE to 600 CE (Farming to Civilization to Collapse) Unit One: Paleolithic & Early River Civilizations

Spread of Agriculture Southeast Asia and South China, 5000 B. C. E. North China, 6000 B. C. E. Mesoamerica, 7000 -5000 B. C. E. Independent development Middle East, 8000 B. C. E. Balkans, 6500 B. C. E. France, Central Europe, and Coastal Mediterranean, 4000 B. C. E. Western Asia and Nile Valley of Egypt, 6000 B. C. E. Northwestern and Central India, 7000 -5000 B. C. E.

Different Crops: Africa – plantains, bananas, yams Americas – maize, beans, squash India – millet, barley Notice lack of beasts of burden

Axial Development

Practice AP Question In which of following regions did native peoples NOT develop agriculture? n a. South Asia n b. Australia n c. Southwest Asia n d. North Africa n e. Andean Highlands

Practice AP Question Paleolithic humans n a. domesticated animals. n b. discovered agriculture. n c. were organized around well-defined social hierarchy. n d. were a female-dominated society. n e. were foragers.

Urbanization n Neolithic farms and villages § Oldest in the Middle East § Jericho, 8000 B. C. E. § Çatal Hüyük, 67005700 B. C. E. § Walled city § 12 cultivated products § Religious shrines

What do you need to build cities? n Good Climatic & Geographic Conditions n Surplus food (takes about 100 yrs) n Storage Capability n Central authority n Skilled craftsmen Environmental Impact – deforestation, overuse of soil – forced to migrate, roads, stones unearthed, rechanneling of water, death of animal species, less biodiversity

Practice AP Questions Agriculture during the Neolithic Age resulted in all of the following EXCEPT n a. the specialization of labor. n b. the rise of towns. n c. a decrease in population n d. increased social contacts. n e. the development of trade.

P. E. R. S. I. A. n Political n Economic n Religious n Social (class and gender) n Intellectual/Technological n Artistic (including literature)

Political/Religious Changes § Need individuals who can organize labor intensive public works programs (irrigation) and taxation to pay for it. § Theocratic – need someone who seems in touch with unexplainable natural phenomena (need a religion that justifies rule of individual – one main god like Zeus ruling over other gods of citystates) § Control public safety – army, police (no longer can “run” from problems or enemies as nomads)

Something to consider Most early civilizations were loosely connected city-states – why? Why were some like Egypt soon united into more central authority?

Economics n Begin to regard property rights – class inequalities. (leads to conflict) n Barter n Individual labor becomes specialized (*key to development of civilization)

Social Changes n Paleolithic n Neolithic 1. Men hunted and tool 1. Men farmed (some making – hours/days away from camp. 2. Women gathered and cared for children – labor intensive, provided more food than hunting. 3. Women = Men 4. Small kin-based clans Nomadic hunting) – main food provider, settled competition because of limited space 2. Women lower status, restrained to home 3. Hereditary leaders, beyond kin-based organization Agricultural

Not all Peoples were Agricultural n Foraging Societies – sm. groups like New Guinea due to climate/food availability, lead by chiefs, more equality in society (even gender) n Pastoral Societies – mountainous areas like central Asia (Huns, Mongols), low rainfall, have domesticated animals, sm. scale agriculture (experimental – latrines sprout veggies), women fewer rights, power based on size of herds, could not settle due to food needs of herds – seasonal migrations

Practice AP/SAT Question Hunting and gathering societies were marked by n n n n a. b. c. d. e. I. widespread specialization of labor II. a subsistence lifestyle III. limited trade IV. little specialization of labor I and III II and IV I, II and III II, III , and IV IV only

Practice AP Question How did pastoralism affect early social development? n a. herding societies tended to settle on particular n n lands, and thus civilization emerged relatively quickly. b. pastoralism led to the adoption of a monotheistic approach to religion. c. no pastoral societies mixed animal husbandry with the domestication of plants. d. herding societies tended to migrate frequently, and thus civilization took longer to emerge. e. pastoral societies tended to be led by women.

Intellectual/Technology § Irrigation § Pottery and baskets § Flint blades § Writing § Metalworking* (plow) – copper (6600), eventually bronze (3500), Iron (1500) *marks end of Neolithic § Mechanisms for trade – wheel, sail How acquired: Diffusion – ironworking from Hittites to Kushites (500 BC Africa) Invention – iron smelting among Nok people of Nigeria

Art/Literature n Large scale projects glorify state or individual – pyramids, ziggurats, burial chambers n Writing is controlled by few – mostly pragmatic recording of property (tax purposes), later contact among leaders and sacred writings

Practice AP Question All of the following were developments of the Neolithic era EXCEPT 1. Agriculture 2. Pottery 3. Urban Cities 4. Tool Making 5. Irrigation

MESOPOTAMIA

Political n Civilization in Mesopotamia n Sumerian City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (Ur, Erech, Kish) c. 3000 -2350 B. C. E. § Kingship divine in origin § Need strong authorities because river unpredictable, lacks natural defensive barriers Eventually – strong rule in Babylon with Hammurabi’s law code protecting property

Practice AP Question The first Mesopotamian ruler to create a unified kingdom was 1. Conon 2. Ramses II 3. Hammurabi 4. Sargon the Great 5. Moses

Practice AP Questions Which of the following is NOT true concerning Hammurabi’s Code a. They upheld the concept that punishment should be appropriate for to the crime. b. They reflected an egalitarian society. c. They made government responsible for punishing the crimes of society. d. Some social classes were deemed of greater importance than others. e. Their provisions were more lenient than those of the Hittites.

Economic §Economy was based on agriculture But had significant trade, cultural diffusion

Religious Polytheism- many Gods Impact: -Rise of priestly class -Rigid social structure -people get used to being ruled -same civilizations but collective gods for each city

Social n Social groups n Nobles (elite who ruled, priests, scribes) n Commoners (merchants, craftsmen) n Slaves (basic farming) n Patriarchal – men could sell wives/children to pay debt n 1600 women wear veils (but some powerful at court as priestesses, scribes, sm. Business)

Intellectual/ Technological Sumerian Innovations • Math based on 60, geometry • Calendar of 12 lunar months • Wheel • Wind blocks • Irrigation • Writing • sail

Art/Literature § Writing in the form of cuneiform (“wedge shaped”) § Primarily for record keeping Communicate important ideas § Epic of Gilgamesh – king’s quest for immortality §Art and jewelry of elite– tomb of Queen Puabi

New Centers of Civilization As these civilizations weakened, new ones soon appeared. Throughout Mesopotamia several smaller empires emerged briefly and left behind important ideas and institutions. n Indo-European Migration From somewhere in the steppe region north of the Black Sea or in southwestern Asia, one group into Asia Minor and Anatolia around 1750 B. C. E. coalesced with people of the Hittite kingdom --- First to use iron Hittites destroyed by another group of Indo-Europeans (Sea Peoples) The Phoenicians in Palestine, established colonies, crossed Med. Sea, invented alphabet, standardized weights/measurements

The Hebrews: The “Children of Israel” n Abraham 1800 BCE migrated from Mesopotamia to Palestine n Draught causes many to migrate to Egypt n Left Egypt (Exodus) about 13 th century B. C. E. , 12 tribes to Palestine United Kingdom n Saul (c. 1020 -1000), David (c. 1000 -970), Solomon (c. 970 -930) § Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant n

n The Divided Kingdom § 1) the kingdom of Israel with its capital at Samaria and § 2) Judah with its capital at Jerusalem Assyrians destroyed Samaria in 722 B. C. E. and overran the kingdom of Israel § Deported the Hebrews to other parts of the empire § Chaldeans defeated the Assyrians and destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B. C. E. § Persians defeat Chaldeans return Jewish people © 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. n Babylonian Captivity

AP Practice Question The Hebrews n a. saw their influence diminish with their captivity at the hands of the Chaldeans. n b. were masters of long-distance trade. n c. anticipated a coming Messiah. n d. believed in a merciless, unforgiving god. n e. rejected the Ten Commandments.

Growth of Empires These smaller empires would be overwhelmed by more powerful peoples. Ø The Assyrians built a potent military structure that allowed them to be the first peoples to unite the entire Middle East under their rule. n n n Iron weapons, Horse-drawn war chariots Deportation, terror Roads – one capital (poor tax system, too much money on military) Ø The Persians with their tolerance for other peoples and religions brought peace and prosperity to the region. n n Satrapies (inspectors) 4 capitals, royal roads, better tax

The Assyrian and Persian Empires

Introduction to Monotheism n Change from controlling nature to controlling men and internal peace …. Introduction of monotheistic religions Judaism – strong emphasis on ethical behavior (10 Commandments) – 1800 BCE Zoroastrianism – Ahurmazda, the creator, gave all humans free will and the power to chose between right and wrong - Each soul faced final evaluation – no widely accepted foundational date – Persian Religion (Hammurabi Law Code – 1760 BCE) n

Practice AP Questions All of the following were true of the Persians EXCEPT n a. their language was related to that of the Aryans n n and Hittites. b. they treated conquered peoples in a manner similar to the Assyrians. c. they introduced a new religion. d. they were efficient administrators. e. they established an efficient communication system.

Egypt

Geographical Impact – -Narrow livable area (competition) - very fertile, predicable flooding allows for early food surplus - pharaoh is regarded as reborn Osiris (god of Nile and Underworld) and sun god (life giving force) - stability due to natural barriers (delta, cataracts, Nubian/Lybian/Saharan deserts – Red Land)

Political n 3100 BCE – Menes unites n 2700 -2200 – Old Kingdom, n n n focus on pyramids and power (Necropolis at Giza, Memphis) 2040 -1640 – Middle Kingdom focus on public works 1640 -1570 Hyksos invade w/chariot and bronze 1570 -1090 New Kingdom – focus on military and empire (colonized Nubia) (Valley of Kings, Thebes – above 1 st cataract for protection) After 1000 – Kush and Assyrian compete over 300 s – Alexander the Great

Practice AP Question In 3100 BCE, the history of Egypt is said to have begun when n a. Cleopatra met Mark Antony n b. King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt n c. the Old Kingdom began n d. the Egyptians rebelled against Hyksos rule n e. pyramids began to be constructed

Practice AP Questions The following are true of the Hyksos EXCEPT n a. they ended Egypt’s confidence in its natural barriers. n b. they ruled Egypt as pharaohs. n c. They were able to conquer Egypt because of power struggles among the pharaohs. n d. they created a new language that was a synthesis of the Hyksos and Egptian tongues. n e. they introduced chariots to the Egyptians.

Demographics n Population was stable – throughout 3000 yrs of history, between 2 -4 million due to geographic constraints n Slaves from Nubia filled army (pharaohs did not want to reduce no. of free cultivators into unproductive military)

Economic n Agriculture n Trade routes established with Cyprus, Crete, Greece, Syro. Palestine, Punt, and Nubia (for leopard skins, giraffe tails, monkeys, cattle, ivory, ostrich feathers and eggs, and gold, incense, cedar, oils and unguents, and horses. ), canal built from Nile to Red Sea n New Kingdom Imperialism – kicked out Hyksos, extend to Nubian gold mines (key for paying army and impressing Near Eastern kings), attacked Punt (by Hatshepsut) for control of incense trade.

Religion n Pharaoh – head of state religion n Land of Living / Land of Dead n Elite have access to afterworld in mummification, Book of Dead, pyramids n Hieroglyphics

Social n Had social inequalities – elite, commoners and slaves but commoners could enter government services and rise in power – viziers, but often had to work land forced labor (pyramids) n Patriarchal and monogamous, but women has some privileges Regents for young rulers, scribes, priestesses Managed household accounts, education for children Divorce husbands Own property Queen Hatshepsut

Intellectual/Technology n Masonry n Sailing n Irrigation (shaduf – pole on n n n fulcrum for raising water) Geometry Astronomy (solar eclipse) Calendar – first 365 day (10 day weeks) Mummification Sundials, water clocks Learned from Hyksos – weapons of war (chariot, sickle sword, javelins, composite bow)

Art/Literature Temple & Tomb Art – all at grand scale to show power of pharaoh Egyptian Canon – regularized features at ideal Hieroglyphic (book of dead), Demotic (everyday writing), Papyrus