Forestry & Society What is the Problem? HORT/RGSC 302 J. G. Mexal Spring 2002
Forestry & Society What is the Problem? • We are the problem--our insatiable demand for wood!
Historical Forest Use • 1826 1 st railroad near Boston • 1884 = 150, 000 mi – 396, 000 ties – 198, 000 trees – Harvested 3. 96 million ac – Needed 113 ac/mi or road – Replaced every 7 years • Today: 171, 098 miles of RR
Forestry & Society What is the Problem? • Trees are the solution. • But a landowner is better off financially to clearcut the land, sell the timber, sell the land, and put the money in the bank!
Forestry & Society How Many Big Chief® Tablets? /AP 10/12/99 No. (billion) Year (A. D. )
Forestry & Society How Many Big Chief® Tablets? /AP 10/12/99 Population Change 2000 1900 L. A. 0. 09 Europe 0. 49 N. A. 0. 10 Asia 1. 15 L. A. 0. 55 Europe 0. 42 Africa 1. 19 N. A. 0. 29 Asia 3. 55 2050 N. A. 0. 44 L. A. 0. 77 Europe 0. 66 Africa 1. 76 Asia 4. 91 Africa 0. 16 TOTAL = 2 billion 6 billion 9 billion
Forestry & Society What is the Problem? • The demand for wood is directly related to population growth and affluence. • World: – 3. 4 billion m 3/yr (1 mi x 1 mi) – ~0. 6 m 3/person/yr or ~500 lb/person/yr – China used 13 lb/person/yr • USA: – 1 tree/person/yr (DBH = 10”; Ht = 100’; ~0. 75 cords) • 700 lb paper/person/yr • 200 BF/yr • 87 ft 2 plywood + 59 ft 2 structure wood/yr – 2, 000 sq ft house = 12, 975 BF lumber + 2, 000 sq ft plywood
Forestry & Society Forest Area 2005/ FAO • Forests (3. 45 kkk ha) cover 30% of earth’s land surface • 1990 -2000 deforestation = 8. 9 kk ha/yr • 2000 -2005 deforestation = 7. 3 kk ha/yr (0. 18%) – Area = MA, NJ, CT, DE, RI combined – Conversion to agriculture • • 33% of world’s forests = primary 3. 8% (140 kk ha) = exotic species plantations 11% = protected for conservation 84% = publicly owned www. fao. ort/forestry/site/fra/
Forestry & Society World Forests & Land Use/ Pop. Act. Int’l 1999 Billions
Forestry & Society People and Forests/Pop. Act. Int’l 1999 1960 1995 World Population = 3. 0 billion Forest-to-People ratio = 1. 2 ha/cap. Total wood consumption = 2. 2 billion m 3 = 0. 7 m 3/capita Industrial = 1. 1 billion m 3 = 0. 34 m 3/capita Fuelwood = 1. 1 billion m 3 = 0. 33 m 3/capita World Population = 5. 7 billion Forest-to-People ratio = 0. 6 ha/cap. Total wood consumption = 3. 3 billion m 3 = 0. 6 m 3/capita Industrial = 1. 5 billion m 3 = 0. 26 m 3/capita Fuelwood = 1. 8 billion m 3 = 0. 32 m 3/capita
Wood Consumption/ J. For. 100(4): 6: ’ 02 Million cubic meters Million tons pulp 160 120 80 40 0
Top Roundwood Producers--2006/ Source: UN FAO Roundwood (million m 3/yr)
Forestry & Society World Forests/ Pop. Act. Int’l 1999 World Forests (1995) Total forest area Developing Countries 146 565 950 816 = 3. 45 billion ha = 1. 96 billion ha Developed Countries = 1. 49 billion ha 520 L. A. 0. 77 Europe 0. 66 457 Million ha Africa 1. 76 N. A. 0. 44 Asia 4. 91 2050 Population
Forestry & Society Forest Area 2005/ FAO (kk ha)
Forestry & Society European Forestry Country Population (millions) Area (kk ha) Forest (%) Timber (kk m 3) France 54. 7 54. 3 28 39. 0 Spain 38. 2 49. 5 25 13. 7 Italy 56. 8 30. 1 27 9. 4 W. Germ. 64. 1 24. 3 30 30. 7 UK 56. 4 24. 1 10 5. 1 Greece 9. 8 12. 9 45 2. 7 Portugal 9. 9 8. 6 35 9. 3 Ireland 3. 5 6. 9 6 1. 3 Denmark 5. 1 4. 2 11 2. 7 Netherlands 14. 4 3. 4 10 1. 1 Belgium 9. 9 3. 3 23 3. 1 EEC 322. 8 222. 0 25 118. 0
Forestry & Society The Situation • World: – 90 million additional people/yr (pop. = Mexico) – Convert 0. 8%/yr from forest to crop land • 42 million acres/yr = 1/2 of New Mexico • ‘shifting’ or ‘subsistence’ agriculture • USA: – Forest land = stable since 1920 s • plant over 1. 0 billion seedlings/yr • plant about 6 seedlings for every tree cut.
Forestry & Society U. S. Land Use and Population / Pop. Act. Int’l 1999 Millions (ha) Year
US Forestry Facts/ Natl Hdwd Lum Assoc • Forests are Renewable: – Plant 1. 7 billion trees on 2. 6 million acres/yr • Forests are Abundant: – 70% of forestland in 1600 still in forest – Ingrowth exceeds harvest by 47% – 37% of forest land protected from harvest • Forests are Sustainable: – Forests are managed for multiple benefits (air, water, recreation, wildlife, timber) without depleting the ability of future generations to manage the forests for their needs.
Forestry and Society Softwood Lumber and Panel board Production/ PNW-RB-230, 1999 Billion board feet Total Lumber US Panel board Western Region Lumber Southern Region Lumber Year
Forestry and Society Timber Volume Sold by USDA in Western US PNW-RB-230, 1999 Volume (million board feet) Year
Southern Pulpwood Production / SRS-69, 34 p. 2000 Volume (std cords) Volume (kkk cu ft) n. d. State
Forestry & Society The Billion Board Foot Club-US Rank in Company 2004 Annual MMBF Annual M 3 (000) Mills 1 Weyerhaeuser 7, 187 11, 534 41 5 Int’l Paper 2, 985 4, 790 27 9 Georgia Pacific 1, 749 2, 807 23 10 Sierra-Pacific 1, 731 2, 778 12 12 Hampton Affil. 1, 387 2, 226 6 15 Simpson Timber 1, 175 1, 886 5 18 Stinson Lumber 1, 145 1, 837 11 Forestry Source 10(11): 2005
Forestry & Society The Billion Board Foot Club-Canada Rank in Company 2004 Annual MMBF Annual M 3 (000) Mills 2 Cantor 5, 200 8, 345 21 3 West Fraser 4, 021 6, 453 21 6 Abitibi-Consol. 2, 148 3, 447 20 8 Toiko 2, 074 3, 328 11 11 Tembec 1, 524 2, 446 21 19 Buchanan Lumber 1, 100 1, 765 7 20 Interfor 1, 748 10 1, 089 Forestry Source 10(11): 2005
Forestry & Society The Billion Board Foot Club-Others Rank in Company 2004 Annual MMBF Annual M 3 (000) Mills 5 Stora Enso-Finland 3, 322 6, 664 25 7 Finn. Forest-Finland 2, 104 4, 220 30 13 Klausner Grp-Ger. 1, 203 2, 200 3 14 UPM_Kymmene-Fin. 1, 201 2, 409 10 16 Arauco-Chile 1, 165 2, 750 14 17 Setra Grp-Sweden 1, 147 2, 300 12 Forestry Source 10(11): 2005
Forestry Facts • One cord of hardwood (~1 ton) – 1, 000 -2, 000 lbs of paper – 4, 384, 000 postage stamps – 460, 000 personal checks – 94, 200 pages of hard-cover book (the next Harry Potter book) – 2, 700 copies of average daily newspaper – 1, 200 copies of National Geographic
Forestry & Society What is the Problem? --Forest Uses! • Historic Use: – Food – Fuel – Fiber taxol medicinals • Current Use: – – – – Fiber Recreation Water Habitat (esp. TES) Food Fuel Extractives Botanicals hunting camping skiing hiking scenic beauty cattle mushrooms piñon minerals metals
Table of Wood Elements/ J. For. 100(4): 6: ’ 02
Forestry & Society Forest Facts: Tree Usage Trunk: lumber rayon pencils tools Stumps: veneer pitch Saps, gums, resin: maple syrup ink pulp tencel plastics charcoal tar gum paints
Forestry & Society Forest Facts: Tree Usage Leaves: pine oil cedar oil Roots: oil -- tea Bark: mulch -- dyes medicine -- tannins fuel -- flavorings horticulture
Forestry & Society Forest Facts: Forest Usage Water Wildlife Lifestock Recreation camping hunting skiing hiking off-roading fishing Environmental Protection carbon sequestration soil erosion
Forestry & Society Forest Products in Developing Countries/ Pop. Act. Int’l 1999 0. 2 Billion cubic meters 0. 6 1. 0 1. 4 Percent of World Production 1. 8
Forestry & Society Forest Facts: Tree Usage- charcoal World: – 50% = fuel (cooking) – 50% = lumber, paper Guatemala USA: 49% = wood products 28% = pulpwood 23% = fuel, chemicals
H/R 302 A “paperless” society? 2001: 318 million tons 2101: ~440 million tons 2001 = 53 kg/person 1998 = 49 kg/person 1968 = 32 kg/person USA in the year 2000 Total paper production = 45. 6 KK tons #1 Wisconsin = 5. 4 KK tons #2 Maine = 4. 0 KK tons
H/R 302 A “paperless” society? Paper Consumption (kg/cap/yr) World. Watch Mar/Apr ‘ 98
Home Sizes Http: //www. nahb. com/facts/forecast/sf. html
3 Little Pigs: which house would you build? / Steel • Requires 26% more energy that wood • Emits 34% more greenhouse gasses • Releases 24% more pollutants • Discharges 400% more water • Produces 8% more solid waste • Uses 11% more resources Concrete • Requires 57% more energy that wood • Emits 81% more greenhouse gasses • Releases 47% more pollutants • Discharges 350% more water • Produces 23% more solid waste • Uses 81% more resources
3 Little Pigs: which house would you build? / J. For. 100(8): 34: 2002 Σ= 232 GJ Σ= 396 GJ Σ= 553 GJ
Forestry & Society Wood is Valuable • 2003 prices (after housing boom) – Red Oak – Pine – Plywood – OSB = $700/MBF (wholesale) = $894/MBF (retail) [ 55%] = $510/Mft 2 (from $268) [ 90%] = $428/Mft 2 (from $170) [ 152%]
Forestry and Society Trees are the Solution! Most lands have been cutover -- and regenerated • Europe: 400 years of forestry • The Americas: the coastlines were cutover during the 1700 s and 1800 s Some lands have not recovered: • Middle east • Easter Island • Iceland • Chaco Canyon
Forestry & Society What is the Problem? Questions: • How has forest use changed from historic times? What were the uses then and now? • What products can be derived from trees? From what parts of trees? • Compare tree usage in the US to world usage. Compare how much wood is used and what general products are made. • What is deforestation? What is the global impact of deforestation? What are the immediate, short-term impacts of deforestation? • Discuss the direct and indirect causes of deforestation.
Forestry & Society What is the Problem? Questions: • If the world population in 1960 was 3. 0 billion and the ‘forest-to-people’ ratio was 1. 2 ha/person; and the world population in 1995 was 5. 7 billion and the ‘forest-topeople’ ratio was 0. 6 ha/person; how much forest land (in hectares [ha]) has been lost worldwide? Where did it go? • How would you compare the forest situation in the US to world forests? Over the last 70 years? Over the last 150 years? • What are the problems facing world forests? Where are the problems greatest? Least? Why?
John D. and Catherine T. Mac. Arthur Foundation. 1997
Forestry & Society Wood is Valuable 2004 wholesale prices (Weyco annual report) Commodity 2 X 4 Dougfir So. Pine $/MBF 459 387 Plywood Ro. T 1 m 3 ≈ 450 kg (ρ =. 45) 1 m 3 ≈ 427 ft 2 Thus, 1 kg ≈ 1 ft 2 Or 1 MBF = 1 ton $/unit $/MSF 448 403 OSB $/MSF 374 Pulp $/t 640 Paper $/t 358 Newsprint $/t 57
Скачать презентацию Forestry Society What is the Problem HORT RGSC
cc45b6b42010f8e009cff53203a520ee.ppt