For the prosperity of Human Society Saemaul

For the prosperity of Human & Society Saemaul Undong in Korean Experience of Rural Development 2010. 5. Chung Ki Whan, Ph. D. chungpony@yahoo. com president Korea Institute for Rural Development

For the prosperity of Human & Society Korean Experience In the 1950 s: Least developed country in the world Pervasive with hunger & poverty • 1945: Liberated from Japanese colony • 1948: Separated into Two Koreas • 1950: Korean War (3 years) Korean war destroyed almost everything and therefore, Korean people had to start from the ashes

For the prosperity of Human & Society Korean Experience In the 1960 s: Hunger & Poverty were icon of the period • Alcohol & gambling were pervasive • People were desperate for the future • Depended on outside help Overcome hunger & poverty, and achieve rural development were the most important issue for the country

For the prosperity of Human & Society Korean Experience In the 2000 s: One of advanced industrialized Countries in the world OECD member 15 th of World Trade Volume Within 50 years, Korea transferred from agrarian society to industrialized society, and information society

For the prosperity of Human & Society Korean Experience How Korean people overcame Hunger & poverty and achieved such a high development within a short period?

For the prosperity of Human & Society Initial Condition of Korean Economy • Poor industrial capital • Low industrial technology • Poor natural resources • Purely agriculture based economy with sufficient human resource

For the prosperity of Human & Society Economic Development Strategy 1. Labor intensive 2. Export oriented 3. Urban/industry oriented 4. Growth first

For the prosperity of Human & Society Major Economic Indicators 1960 1970 1990 2005 GDP growth rate 2. 3 10. 0 9. 5 8. 5 4. 0 GDP/capita 85 250 5, 210 10, 841 16, 700 Agriculture 36. 0 26. 0 8. 7 4. 9 3. 3 Manufacturing 14. 7 22. 5 29. 8 28. 8 SOC 49. 3 50. 9 61. 5 65. 3 67. 9 Investment ratio to GDP 11. 6 26. 3 37. 1 28. 8 33. 0 Domestic saving ratio to GDP 5. 0 14. 8 36. 2 32. 3 30. 2 Population growth rate 2. 9 1. 0 0. 8 0. 44 Export(billion US$) 0. 03 0. 84 65. 0 172. 3 280. 0 Import (billion US$) 0. 34 1. 98 69. 8 160. 5 255. 5 Industrial Structure

For the prosperity of Human & Society Rural Situation in Korea in the 1960 s GNP/capita : US$ 87 (1962) Poor infrastructure • Car accessible villages: 60% • Electricity accessible villages: 20% • Repeated natural disasters • Low agricultural productivity Rural poverty ratio in 1967: 34% in absolute term Rural Development was an urgent Issue for poverty alleviation Introduced Saemaul Undong(SU) in 1970

For the prosperity of Human & Society SU Performance: 1971~1981 Total US$ 7, 203. 2 Million Invested Government invested 51% Community people invested 49% - 64, 686 km of rural road were developed - 6, 187 km of rural road paved - 82, 596 new bridges were built - 39, 231 community halls were built - 258, 000 houses were newly built - 3, 047 villages were reconstructed Poverty reduced from 34% to 6% during 1967 -1984 International communities have questions “How and Why people participated in SU so enthusiastically? ”

For the prosperity of Human & Society How was it possible? u Based on community tradition working through selfhelp & cooperation among community people u Immediate goal of SU is to improve individual living condition, which motivate people to participate u Strong government sponsorship to motivate , participate, and to change attitude & awareness for the rural development

For the prosperity of Human & Society Definition Saemaul Undong: New Village Movement a rural community development movement For the betterment of Living Conditions through Income, Infrastructure, Living Environment, Community Building in the ways of Self-help and Cooperation under the Government Sponsorship

For the prosperity of Human & Society Goals u Immediate goal is to improve the living condition of individual • in the way of self-help and cooperation • with community resources & outside support u Ultimate goal is to build a better and sound community by community people, which bring the country strong

For the prosperity of Human & Society Means Income Increase Infrastructure Building Self-help & Cooperation Improve Living Environments Spiritual Enlightenment & Social Interaction

For the prosperity of Human & Society What kinds of Projects? Community beautification • Easy to show the evidence of improvement • Meet the people’s needs

For the prosperity of Human & Society u Housing • Amenity & Comfortability • Living conveniences

For the prosperity of Human & Society u Kitchen, toilet & bathroom • Conveniences & energy saving • Clean & sanitized

For the prosperity of Human & Society

For the prosperity of Human & Society

For the prosperity of Human & Society u Infrastructure building • Increase agricultural productivity, prevent natural disasters • Provide conveniences for daily living

For the prosperity of Human & Society u Income generating project in the 1970 s

For the prosperity of Human & Society u Income generating project in the 2000 s

For the prosperity of Human & Society Strategies 1. Village Community as Development Unit 2. Government Initiating Bottom-up Approach 3. Integrated Approach 4. Comprehensive Approach 5. More Support for the Better Performance 6. Mutual Learning

For the prosperity of Human & Society 1. Village Community as Development Unit • Village as a Community • Social interaction & commonalities • Administrative unit • Planning & Development unit

For the prosperity of Human & Society 2. Bottom-up Approach Bottom - Up Approach Bottom-up Approach Village (The Continuity of Development Process) Community Felt Needs for Development Develop Projects By Village People Implementation The SU (People’s Participation based on Community Autonomy) Economic Affordability People’s Empowerment Leadership Social Organizations Social Norms for Cooperation and Self-help

For the prosperity of Human & Society Government Initiating Bottom-up Approach Top-Down Approach Government Policy Supporting Measure (Subsidy, Training, Supervising) Providing motivation for getting felt needs & sustainability Community Bottom - Up Approach Village Community (The Continuity of Development Process) Felt Needs for Development Develop Projects By Village People Implementation The SU (People’s Participation based on Community Autonomy)

For the prosperity of Human & Society 3. Integrated Approach National Policy for the SMU Program Supporting Measure (Financial, Training, R&D Administrative Support, Institutional Renovation) SMU Action Plan (Community Level)

For the prosperity of Human & Society 4. Comprehensive Approach Income Agriculture development Generation Non-agriculture development Agricultural Production Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Building Housing Building Community Center Community Saemaul Community Beautification Building Uudong House Cleaning & Beautification Renovation of Community Institutions Socio-Cultural Vitalization of Community Festivals Development Supporting Youth Activities Drinking Water Supply Health & Kitchen Improvement Sanitation Toilet/ Bathroom Improvement

For the prosperity of Human & Society 5. Support More for Better Performance u Support more for the better performed community • Reward villages leaders for the success • Increase subsidy for the better performance • Reduce subsidy for poor performance and let them bench marking the successful villages u Continuous support until the community reaches to the level of self-reliance & empowerment

For the prosperity of Human & Society 6. Mutual Learning u Saemaul Undong training: learning from others • Ministers, government officials, professors, and community leaders • Lecturing & discussions u Spiritual Enlightenment

For the prosperity of Human & Society Methodology: How implement SU in a community? 1. How to initiate Saemaul Undong? 2. What kinds of Projects? 3. How to mobilize resources? 4. How to organize people? 5. How to build leadership? 6. How to formulate action plan, implement and Monitoring?

For the prosperity of Human & Society How to initiate? u Provide motivation to participate in SU & to do something • Financial support • Training & education • Study tour for bench marking u Let them discuss community problems & development needs • Community autonomy & operational mechanism • Self-help & cooperative

For the prosperity of Human & Society How to initiate? u Start from easy projects • Community beautification & infrastructure building • Income increase u Provide incentives for better/good performances • More support for better performances • Recognitions & rewards

For the prosperity of Human & Society Initiation of Saemaul Undong in 1970 Government provided supporting measures (Training, financial & administrative support/technical support ) Distribute 350 bags of cements & ½ ton of steels. Ask to do with this materials for each community Induced motivation/development needs/ Participation/ mobilization/empowerment Problem Identification/Action Plan/Implementation/Evaluation

For the prosperity of Human & Society How to mobilize resources? 1. Community contribution • Based on Community autonomy & operational mechanism • Self-help & cooperation • The more for the richer & the less for the poorer 2. Government financial support • Based on community needs • Provide financial support when they prepare matching fund • No free launch 3. Other sources • NGOs • Companies based on rural community • Others

For the prosperity of Human & Society How to organize people? u Utilize existing organizations • Revitalize existing community organizations • Let them work by themselves • Make the objective clear Ø Ø Ø Ø Community General Council Farmer’s Union/club Women’s Union /club Youth Club Irrigation Association Agricultural Cooperative Interest Groups Others……… u Organize community development committee, in case, • Existing organizations are not working properly • Conflicts among existing organizations • There is no proper community organization

For the prosperity of Human & Society How to build SU leadership? 1. SU leadership vs administrative leadership • • Prime leader must be community administrative leadership Elect Saemaul leaders: male & female leaders Authorize the new leadership by the local government SU leaders must be the members of community development committee 2. Role of SU leaders • Launching SU projects in the collaboration of existing leaders • Train other leaders 3. Reward SU leaders by government • Reward for good performances • Utilize the leaders to train other leaders

For the prosperity of Human & Society How to formulate action plan? 1. Analyze community problems and identifying development needs 2. Formulate action plan for each project • Problem identification & find alternatives • Set goals • Find means & strategies • Plan for resources mobilization • Work schedule

For the prosperity of Human & Society Lessons from Korean Case u Strong political Commitment for the future induced community people to participate u Community tradition of self-help & cooperation was the back-born of SU u Rapid industrial development contribute to facilitate & support rural development

For the prosperity of Human & Society Evaluation of SU in Korea 1. Physical Infrastructure Development Improved rural infrastructure & living environments Farm income increase 2. Spiritual Enhancement Can Do spirits Community initiative and capacity building 3. Institutional Development Partnership between local government and community people Democracy in Grassroots community and local government Capacity building for local government officials

For the prosperity of Human & Society Thank You