For Better and Worse Marrying Humans and Technology Under the Cognitive Chuppa Frank Durso, Georgia Institute of Technology
Happy Birthday Edna
Technology Changes
Model T Ford - 1908
Buick - 2008
1908 Model T vs. 2008 Buick Model-T Weight (lbs) 1, 200 Horsepower 20 Max speed (mph) 30 Gas mileage (mpg) 25 Cost (2008 $) 20, 000 Buick 4, 000 200 120 25 30, 000
ENIAC - 1945
PDP-1 Computer - 1960
Mac. Book Air - 2008
ENIAC vs. PDP-1 vs. Macbook (Nos. approx. ) ENIAC PDP-1 Date 1945 1960 Weight 27 tons 1, 200 lbs Space (sq ft) 680 30 Mem capacity --10 KB Speed (add/sec) 5 K 100 K Cost (2008 $) 6, 000 875, 000 Cal/sec for 1 k (2008 $) 0. 8 115 Mac 2008 3 lbs 1 2 GB 100 m 2, 000 50 m
Putting the rate of change in information technology in perspective “An ordinary notebook PC can run a database that is more powerful and almost 100 times as large as that of a major bank of the 1980 s” If the cost of an automobile had changed at the same rate as the cost of computing over 100 years, one would be able to buy about 10 million 2008 Buicks for about 3 cents. If the speed of an automobile had changed at the same rate as the speed of computers over 100 years, an automobile would have attained the speed of light around 1965.
The human-technical system
Technology is attractive Promise of faster, better, cheaper; makes life easier Technology impacts everything Technology centric: Because we can
Cold feet? Resistance to new technology Luddites Samurai Bicycle face What is being replaced? Tradeoffs Side effects Evolution
Marrying humans and technology
Why Cognition?
The jobs are cognitive
The people are cognitive
The problems are cognitive Situation awareness and hazard detection Information overload in air traffic control Low altitude military combat Automation and out of the loop
The solutions are cognitive
FAA’s Next. Gen Effort Applying cognitive theory Reverse engineering cognitive psychology
Next. Gen Changes Universal High Altitude Airspace Trajectory Based Operations Flow Corridor 10 -15 mi Super-Density Arrivals/ Departures Flow Corridor 5000 ft Classic Airspace
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 DFW 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 RENY 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 DFW 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 RENY 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 DFW 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 RENY 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 DFW 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 RENY 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Common Display x N 8964 V CJ 3 DFW 3: 14 1 st line of data block: ACID (N 8964) FR (V) 2 nd line of data block: Type (CJ 3) 3 rd line of data block Destination (DFW) and DEPPROC (RENY) are timeshared 4 th line Time (only during some conditions)
Situation dimensions on display x N 8964 V CJ 3 DFW / RENY 3: 14
RICI Reconstructive Information Complexity Index Chase & Simon
Which display(s)?
Patient Safety
Preventable medical errors 50, 000 to 100, 000 deaths 8 th leading cause of death 727 -200 crash every day
Drug administration in context Parts of anesthesia Jeanette Liska (1990) “It felt like a blowtorch” “death became profoundly attractive” She heard the surgeon speak “Well, I’ll be damned. It’s not a hernia. It’s just some fatty tissue. All that for nothing. ”
Participants 31 anesthesiologists Levels of expertise o Novices (CA-1, CA-2) o Intermediates (CA-3, chief residents) o Experts (faculty) Complexity
Drug administration in context The drug display (DD) Modeled drug concentrations and effect site concentrations
Drug administration in context Conclusions Expertise matters, but so does practice DD provides no benefit when dealing with highly automatized procedure When things get complex DD increases performance Better control of analgesia DD improves delivery of sedatives Overall: faster end of procedure
Augmented Cognition
What is the state of the operator? Modeling the state of the operator Monitoring the state of the operator Auditory P 300 differential attention EEG , heartrate variability workload Heart rate arousal Pupil diameter cognitive load Eyelid droop fatigue Posture imminent action Saliva stress Facial expression emotion f. NIR retrieval v. encoding
Psychologists
Leaving the lab I was a control freak
The broader context I thought cognitive psychology was all there was Environment Socio-political
The QWERTY story
So, how can psychology help? Picking between technologies Inform the design of new technologies All this and. . . Quantification Causality Leave the lab Understand the new environment and socio-cultural world Understand the old technology If YOU don’t serve as the scientific voice others will Anthropology and “Cognitive” engineering
Thanks
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