FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY IPM in arable crop rotations MODULE C 10 © ENDURE, February 2007 Including examples from ENDURE RA 2. 6
Context: FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Site Soil Climate Regional land-use context Denmark Main pigproducing farms in Denmark Both clay and Maritime sand climate Predominantly husbandry UK Main Clay and clay- Maritime predominantly loam climate arable area of England Predominantly arable © ENDURE, February 2007 Country
Current rotations: FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Country Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 UK Winter wheat/winter Winter oilseed barley rape DK Winter barley Winter oilseed rape Winter wheat Year 4 Winter wheat These current systems do not necessarily reflect the systems of all farms in each country, but are important examples. Current crop protection strategy: pesticides and cultural control (e. g. cultivations, sowing date, crop rotation) Main pest risks: Weeds: Grasses especially black grass (resistance in the UK, observed in DK), bromes (all crops) (in the UK) Fungal diseases: especially Septoria, yellow rust (winter wheat), Phoma, light leaf spot (In the UK), Sclerotinia (winter oilseed rape). Pigeons in the UK (oilseed rape) Expected yield: national average or above © ENDURE, February 2007 Invertebrate pests: aphids / virus (winter wheat/oilseed rape); flea beetle and pollen beetle (resistance) (oilseed rape); slugs
Main considerations for alternative rotations FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Grass weed management (in UK: black grass containment) disease control in WOSR - more years between crops pesticide targeting and stewardship conservation biological control spreading the workload - maintaining yield! (In DK especially © ENDURE, February 2007 for fodder, as it is expensive to buy in extra)
Suggestions for alternative rotations FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Effect of crop sequence change 1 Rotation System No. no. years Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Effect of crop sequence plus changed practices 1 Mean TFI % change in p. a. TFI p. a. Mean TFI p. a. % Reduction in TFI p. a. UK - Current 3 WW WW WOSR I AS 4 WW S Beans WW II AS 5 WW S Beans WW WB WOSR WW 6. 2 5. 6 -11 4. 3 -31 S Wheat WOSR 5. 3 -14 4. 2 -33 S Barley WOSR 5. 0 -20 3. 8 -38 1. 65 -34 WOSR DK - Current 4 WW 2, 5 WB WOSR WW WW 1. 78 -29 I AS 5 SB+CC WW: Winter wheat, WB: Winter Barley, SB: Spring Barley WOSR: Winter Oilseed Rape, CC: Catch Crop © ENDURE, February 2007 1 Based on expert judgements
System tools to reduce pesticide use: FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Pesticide targeting and resistance management: ensure effective use of pesticides strictly according to need, using economic thresholds and decision support systems. Crop sequence: Introduction of spring crops and greater taxonomic variety of cropping for pest management particularly containment of grass weeds (in UK: especially black grass). Lengthening the rotation: more years between OSR crops to help disease control Tillage: Minimise tillage and chop straw wherever possible to conserve natural enemies and energy Before spring crops plough if necessary in spring (in autumn on heavy land) to create seedbed and for weed control. Conservation biological control IPM means that all plant protection measures have to be used wisely, otherwise problems like resistance may develop rapidly © ENDURE, February 2007 Consider ploughing for grass weed management before a second cereal
Other tools for different pest groups: FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Weed management: Use higher seed rates and cultivars with strong competitiveness where weeds are problematic Spot mapping and targeting of weeds Disease management: Use of resistant cultivars Invertebrate pest management: Conservation biological control – E. g. Beetle banks, wild flower margins, hedges, etc. © ENDURE, February 2007 Use of resistant cultivars Plough for slug control
Maize Based Cropping Systems in Central and Eastern Europe FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Maize Based Cropping System: The Case in Hungary Driving forces: market demand, highly profitable, soil conditions, farm practices; Agri-Environmental Measures (Integrated Production): since 2004, but was remold in 2009 continuous maize maximum in 3 consecutive years (cross compliance) BUT if WCR larval damage occurs, maize field should be rotated share of winter wheat, grain maize and sunflower max. 60 % share of leguminous crops should reach 10% (whole farm, given year) ration of continuous and first year maize is crucial © ENDURE, February 2007 How to manage of WCR (western corn rootworm) in continuous maize
Grass weed case: The crop rotation: FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY The effect of a varied crop rotation: Crop rotation with 50 % cereals Crop rotation with 75 % cereals Apera spica-venti No weed control With weed control German experiments © ENDURE, February 2007 Plants/m 2 Broadleaved weeds
Grass weed case: Chemical weed control FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Choose the right product for the right job! Use as little as possible but as much as needed Use Decision Support Systems where available, e. g. Crop Protection online: http: //pvo. planteinfo. dk/cp/menu. asp? id= demo&subjectid=1&language=en It is a challenge to treat fields individually. Where large scale farming is an important parameter, it may e. g. be relevant to think about a basic- and advanced treatment Consider margin and patch spraying in larger scale © ENDURE, February 2007 – Divide e. g. the fields in groups according to problem
Grass weed case: Prevention of resistance FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Change between products with different modes of action Avoid using Sulfunylurea-products more than once every growing season Change between modes of action This wheat field was in the spring treated with 2 ALSinhibiting herbicides: 110 g Broadway (florasulam+pyroxulam) and app. 0. 1 l Iodosulfuron. © ENDURE, February 2007 Lolium perenne is still growing almost unaffected, which leads to a suspicion of resistance, it has however not been confirmed.
Grass weed case: Dispersal of weed seeds FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Through machinery – As the farms grow bigger, the machinery has to cover larger areas, and seeds are very likely to be spread Therefore: remember proper hygiene – This means: © ENDURE, February 2007 Harvest the infested fields last, whenever possible Clean machinery when leaving an infested field Keep a stable field margin with perennial herbs, to avoid weed infestations to spread from here
Grass weed case: Evaluation of the effort FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Before harvest, make a field walk to: – Follow up on the crop protection performed through the season – Plan the strategy for the next season – Make/update the weed map © ENDURE, February 2007 A good result starts with proper planning! Weed map:
Case: Maize Based Cropping Systems FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Without any IPM 90 % maize 10% winter wheat IPM Program 60 % maize 20% winter wheat 20 % sunflower © ENDURE, February 2007 Net profit of a farm (100 ha) in $ (Hungary, 2004)
Case of Western Corn Rootworm FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Feeding and oviposition by females in maize crop stand, successful larval development in subsequent year maize only WCR BIOLOGY IN CONTEXT OF CROP ROTATION WCR larvae in subsequent year’s maize after the precrops listed before © ENDURE, February 2007 WCR adults captured in soybean, winter wheat, sunflower and maize
Case of Western Corn Rootworm FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY PROCESS OF THE DECISION ON CROP ROTATION 1. MONITORING 1 st year 2 nd year 2. DECISION - considering other factors (economic, environmental, cultivation, etc. ) © ENDURE, February 2007 - risk estimation based on the results of the monitoring;
Conclusion: Response to general principles of IPM FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY Environment: – Reduced quantities of herbicides: general principle 6 Agronomy: – – Crop rotation: general principle 1 Choice of products: general principle 5 Resistance management: general principle 7 Evaluation, weed map etc. : general principle 8 © ENDURE, February 2007 For further information: See the other Training Guide-presentations
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