Food allergy in children Hugo Van Bever Department of Pediatrics National University Singapore APAPARI Workshop, Hanoi, May 2008
Food Allergy… Fact or Fiction? 1. Difficult problem group of diseases 2. Lot of non-scientific data … opinions… truths… tradition… stories. 3. Food other types of reaction (intolerance, intoxication, etc…) 4. Too many children are labeled as being “food-allergic”
Adverse reactions to food q Food intolerance (most common) q Food allergy (hypersensitivity) q Food aversion (phobia)
FOOD INTOLERANCE - toxins - infections - pharmacological properties of food - host factors (lactase deficiency)
Food allergy = an immunologically-mediated reaction against food 1. Ig. E-mediated Others… (less evidence) 2. Cell-mediated reactions (T lymphocytes - delayed onset) 3. Mixed types (atopic dermatitis) 4. Other mechanisms ( unknown - CIC – complement – etc…)
Prevalence of food allergy 1. General population: 2 % 2. Young children (< 3 yrs): 8 % 3. Singapore children: 4 – 5 % SPECIFIC GROUPS 4. Young children with severe eczema: 90 % 5. Children with asthma: < 10 %
Manifestations of food allergy 1. SKIN: urticaria – angioedema > eczema 2. RESPIRATORY: rhinitis – asthma 3. GI TRACT: diarrhea – vomiting – FTT - eosinophilic gastroenteritis - enterocolitis 4. GENERAL: anaphylactic shock 5. OTHER: migraine, hyperactivity, sleep disturbances etc… ?
Foods triggering anaphylaxis in Singaporean children (1992 – 1996) 124 children with acute anaphylaxis at NUH mean age (yrs) 1. Egg and milk 11 % 0. 7 2. Bird’s nest 27 % 4. 5 3. Chinese herbs 7% 5. 0 4. Crustacean seafood 24 % 11. 0 5. Others * 30 % 7. 0 * Chicken, duck, ham, fruits (banana, rambutan), cereals, gelatin and spices Goh et al. Allergy 54, 1999, 78 -92.
Common culprits - Singapore children • Infants: hen's egg cow’s milk
Common culprits - Singapore children • Older children seafood (shellfish), bird’s nest, Chinese herbs, eggs
FISH Sweden – 39% of foodallergic children are allergic to cod Uncommon in Singapore - per capita consumption of 25. 05 kg
Every food has its own story… cow’s milk hen’s egg peanuts, fish, seafood, … prevalence age 6 months 3 yrs 5 yrs
Sensitization to food… sensitization to allergens… 1. prenatal sensitization 2. postnatal sensitization
Sensitization to food… eating, touching and smelling… peanuts fish hen’s egg
Allergy to cow’s milk proteins in mother’s milk or in hydrolyzed cow’s milk infant formulas assessed by intestinal permeability measurements. Barau E et al. Allergy 1994; 49: 295 -8. mother’s milk ovalbumin peanut protein cow’s milk protein
Case • 9 month old boy • Totally breastfed • 1 st introduction of CM formula • One minute after the first “bite”…
Prenatal sensitization to allergens…does it exist? 1. clinical evidence (peanuts – ovalbumine – pollen – house dust mite – cat - dog) 2. allergens in amniotic fluid & cord blood 3. active transport through placenta
Exposure to peanuts in utero and in infancy and the development of sensitization to peanut allergens in young children. Frank L, Marian A, Visser M, Weinberg E, Potter PC. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1999, 10, 27 -32. … mothers who consumed peanuts more than once a week during pregnancy were more likely to have a peanut-allergic child than mothers who consumed peanuts less than once a week (odds ratio=3. 97, 98% confidence interval 0. 73 -24).
Allergic sensitization during pregnancy influences the offspring’s immune reactions. A study in a mouse model (H. Renz, 1999). study group Ovalbumin challenge (every second day) decreased INF-g (x 8– 9) control group PREGNANCY BIRTH
Direct evidence for transplacental allergen transfer. Szépfalusi et al. Pediatr Res 2000, 48, 404 -7. maternal side BLG 8 Bet v 1 10 Human Ig. G fetal side 8 2 = increase = Ig receptor involvement
Diagnosis of food allergy 1. Ig. E-mediated food allergy - SPT – Ig. E 2. Non-Ig. E-mediated food allergy - patch test - in vitro: LTT (cytokine profile? ) research … GOLDEN STANDARD = DBPCFC
Utility of food-specific Ig. E concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. Hugh A. Sampson. JACI 2001, 107, 891. Diagnostic decision points of 95% - cow’s milk - egg - peanut - fish 15 k. U/L 7 k. U/L 14 k. U/L 20 k. U/L n = 100, mean age = 3. 8 yrs
Future immunomodulatory therapies for food allergy 1. Humanized monoclonal anti-Ig. E 2. Mutated allergen protein immunotherapy 3. Peptide immunotherapy 4. Immuno-stimulatory sequences 5. Probiotics (? ) no effect on allergic reactions
Alternative feedings in case of CMA 1. Breast milk 2. Soy formulas (? ) 3. Goat formulas (? ) 4. Hypoallergenic formulas ( partial hydrolysate formulas) 5. Amino acid-based formulas (complete hydrolysate formulas
Use of hypoallergenic formula in the prevention of atopic disease among Asian children. Chan et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2002; 38; 84 -8. ( ), Hypoallergenic milk group; (---) cow’s milk-based infant formula. p = 0. 093
Primary prevention of atopy: food allergen avoidance -- BREAST FEEDING Saarinen AM, Kajosaari M. Breastfeeding as prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow-up study until 17 years old. Lancet 1995; 346: 1065 - 1069. -- HYPO-ALLERGENIC MILK Vandenplas Y et al. The long-term effect of a partial whey hydrolysate formula on the prophylaxis of atopic disease. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154: 488 - 494.
The long-term effect of a partial whey hydrolysate formula on the prophylaxis of atopic disease. Vandenplas et al. Eur J Ped 1995, 154, 488. prevalence of CMP sensitivity
Conclusion: Food Allergy… Fact or Fiction? … A fact… surrounded with lot’s of fiction … a lot of non-scientific data … opinions… truths… tradition… stories … etc … scientific data
Conclusion… Still … breast is best …but… impossible to study … no contra-indications…
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