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Fluke LPQI 2007 1 Fluke LPQI 2007 1

Fluke Corporation European Headquarters Eindhoven, the Netherlands Corporate Headquarters near Seattle, WA, USA Fluke Fluke Corporation European Headquarters Eindhoven, the Netherlands Corporate Headquarters near Seattle, WA, USA Fluke LPQI 2007 2

Fluke Corporation • Founded in basement of John Fluke’s home in Springdale, Connecticut, USA Fluke Corporation • Founded in basement of John Fluke’s home in Springdale, Connecticut, USA in 1948 • 2, 400 employees worldwide • Offices in 21 countries around the world • Distributed in more than 100 countries • Manufacturing facilities in Everett (USA), the Netherlands, the U. K. and China Fluke LPQI 2007 3

Measurements for Power Quality maintenance Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 4 Measurements for Power Quality maintenance Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 4

Industry trends 1) Growing concern for personal safety - complexity of today’s systems, bring Industry trends 1) Growing concern for personal safety - complexity of today’s systems, bring over voltage risks international & national regulations (& guidance) 2) Increased attention on power related issues - • deregulation of power distribution Increasing loads on power systems Shift from reactive maintenance to preventive maintenance – More work by fewer people – Decreasing maintenance budget – More complex equipment Fluke LPQI 2007 5

History of Maintenance Practices • 20 years ago… Tool use by application* Scheduled Preventive History of Maintenance Practices • 20 years ago… Tool use by application* Scheduled Preventive TREND Predictive • Thermal Imaging • Ultrasonic testing • Vibration Analyzers • Recorders/Loggers • Motor/Circuit Test • Oil Testers • PQ Analyzers • IR Temperature • Insulation testers Reactive • Network Test • Scope Meters • Loop Cal. • Clamp Meter • DMM • Simple Testers Fluke LPQI 2007 – The primary goal of maintenance was loss prevention and the fundamental requirement was to provide the basic need at minimum cost. • Today… – Companies are researching all possible means to extend the productive life 6

Types of Maintenance Break-down Reactive Maintenance Cost Repair it when it fails Preventive Maintenance Types of Maintenance Break-down Reactive Maintenance Cost Repair it when it fails Preventive Maintenance Cost Time Maintenance at regular intervals Predictive Maintenance Problem detected before predicted failure. Maintenance planned ahead Fluke LPQI 2007 Cost Time 7

Power Quality • Effects of bad power quality are not immediately obvious • Bad Power Quality • Effects of bad power quality are not immediately obvious • Bad power quality can come from anywhere • Consequences could be severe (production loss) • Power quality problems are a root cause: – – Malfunction Shutdown Excessive energy cost Decreased lifetime of equipment Fluke LPQI 2007 8

Example Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 9 Example Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 9

Example • This manufacturer is the third biggest power consumer of the local energy Example • This manufacturer is the third biggest power consumer of the local energy supplier. They produce fiber materials for sports equipment. • A new heating system was installed on a key process • During a routine check with a thermographic camera it was discovered there had been an increase in temperature of the neutral conductor. • Check with a current clamp revealed 20 A Phase currents & 40 A Neutral current Fluke LPQI 2007 10

Example • A power quality logger was used to gather the needed data. • Example • A power quality logger was used to gather the needed data. • Connection was only possible on the distribution board connection, fused with 250 A, not at the heater due to safety reasons. • This makes analysis a bit more complex since the heater represents a small part of the total load Fluke LPQI 2007 11

Results Current trend Neutral current Question: Why does the neutral carry 60 A and Results Current trend Neutral current Question: Why does the neutral carry 60 A and not only 6 A which would be the difference between currents in L 1, L 2 and L 3? Fluke LPQI 2007 12

Results 2 • Conclusion; there is a third harmonic present in the neutral Fluke Results 2 • Conclusion; there is a third harmonic present in the neutral Fluke LPQI 2007 13

Conclusion Further analysis showed that: 10 A fund 35 A 3 rd • The Conclusion Further analysis showed that: 10 A fund 35 A 3 rd • The reason for the neutral conductor overload clearly is the heating installation, which generates high triplen harmonics • More unbalances present so further more measurements would be very helpful. What was the cause? • Regulators built into the heating system require harmonic filters which were not installed Fluke LPQI 2007 14

Conclusion • Thermal survey gives early warning of a problem • Addition of new Conclusion • Thermal survey gives early warning of a problem • Addition of new equipment can introduce problems which are not obvious or visible • Performing system check “before” and “after” can prevent future failures • “Balanced” loads still can have harmonic content running in the neutral Fluke LPQI 2007 15

Measurement of Electrical Systems Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 16 Measurement of Electrical Systems Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 16

Measurement • Safety • Power Quality Measurement § § • The effect of distortion Measurement • Safety • Power Quality Measurement § § • The effect of distortion on simple test tools Measurement of Harmonics Measurement Specifications Typical measurements Power Quality Measurement Equipment § Basic Measurements § Test equipment types Fluke LPQI 2007 17

Measurement • Safety • Power Quality Measurement § § • The effect of distortion Measurement • Safety • Power Quality Measurement § § • The effect of distortion on simple test tools Measurement of Harmonics Measurement Specifications Typical measurements Power Quality Measurement Equipment § Basic Measurements § Test equipment types Fluke LPQI 2007 18

Safety of Measurement • Example – DMM fitted with low energy fuse used incorrectly Safety of Measurement • Example – DMM fitted with low energy fuse used incorrectly on a high energy circuit Fluke LPQI 2007 19

EN 61010 LV Directive l. Implemented in 1998 l. All instruments have to be EN 61010 LV Directive l. Implemented in 1998 l. All instruments have to be tested by an independent test house (2004) l. Each instrument must be marked with an Overvoltage Category ( CAT I, III, IV ) l. As well as a voltage level (300, 600, 1000 Volts) Fluke LPQI 2007 20

Category Rating • CAT IV - Electricity meters and primary connection • CAT III Category Rating • CAT IV - Electricity meters and primary connection • CAT III - Permanent connection to the fixed installation. • CAT II - Appliances, portable tools etc. • CAT I - Protected electronic circuits. Fluke LPQI 2007 21

Voltage Rating per Category Test Impulse Rating Fluke LPQI 2007 22 Voltage Rating per Category Test Impulse Rating Fluke LPQI 2007 22

IEC 1010 / EN 61010 • Regulations are not an option • Second edition IEC 1010 / EN 61010 • Regulations are not an option • Second edition EN 61010 ( 2004 ) requires independent testing • Remember Test leads are CAT rated. . . Fluke LPQI 2007 23

Available from Fluke • Free Safety DVD • Not sales focused • Information on Available from Fluke • Free Safety DVD • Not sales focused • Information on EN 61010 • Interview with an arc blast survivor Fluke LPQI 2007 24

Measurement Seminar • Safety • Power Quality Measurement § § • The effect of Measurement Seminar • Safety • Power Quality Measurement § § • The effect of distortion on simple test tools Measurement of Harmonics Measurement Specifications Typical measurements Power Quality Measurement Equipment § Basic Measurements § Test equipment types Fluke LPQI 2007 25

Harmonics Distorted waveforms Harmonic frequencies combine with the fundamental sine wave to form non-sinusoidal Harmonics Distorted waveforms Harmonic frequencies combine with the fundamental sine wave to form non-sinusoidal (distorted) waveforms. = Fluke LPQI 2007 26

Effect of distortion on test tools Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 27 Effect of distortion on test tools Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 27

Measurement Methods • Both Clamp Meter’s are calibrated and functioning correctly 59. 2 A Measurement Methods • Both Clamp Meter’s are calibrated and functioning correctly 59. 2 A AC Fluke LPQI 2007 40. 5 A AC 28

Measurement Sinewave • How does a measurement device measure the effective value of a Measurement Sinewave • How does a measurement device measure the effective value of a waveform ? • Two Methods - Averaging & True RMS Fluke LPQI 2007 29

Averaging Measurement • Effective (RMS) value = 1. 11 X Average value. Fluke LPQI Averaging Measurement • Effective (RMS) value = 1. 11 X Average value. Fluke LPQI 2007 30

Non-linear Loads Switching Power Supply Volts Amps • What happens to the measurement device Non-linear Loads Switching Power Supply Volts Amps • What happens to the measurement device if the waveform is distorted by non-linear loads ? Fluke LPQI 2007 31

Measurement Distorted Waveform • Effective (RMS) value = 1. 85 x Average value. • Measurement Distorted Waveform • Effective (RMS) value = 1. 85 x Average value. • An averaging measurement device (1. 11 x) would read up to 40 % too low. RMS Fluke LPQI 2007 AVG 32

Nuisance tripping at 60 A ? True RMS Measurement Averaging Measurement 59. 2 A Nuisance tripping at 60 A ? True RMS Measurement Averaging Measurement 59. 2 A AC 40. 5 A AC Fluke LPQI 2007 33

True RMS Measurement True RMS / Harmonics • A True RMS meter calculates the True RMS Measurement True RMS / Harmonics • A True RMS meter calculates the effective heating value of the distorted waveform • This will include all harmonics Fluke LPQI 2007 34

Crest Factor • Peak value = 1. 414 X RMS value. • 1. 414 Crest Factor • Peak value = 1. 414 X RMS value. • 1. 414 = Crest Factor. Fluke LPQI 2007 35

Crest Factor Distorted Waveform • Peak value = 2. 9 X RMS Value. • Crest Factor Distorted Waveform • Peak value = 2. 9 X RMS Value. • 2. 9 = Crest Factor. Peak RMS Fluke LPQI 2007 36

Crest Factor Distorted Waveforms C. F. = 1. 43 C. F. = 2. 39 Crest Factor Distorted Waveforms C. F. = 1. 43 C. F. = 2. 39 C. F. = 4. 68 • Professional Multimeters usually rated at CF <3 • High Quality units rated at CF of 6 • Power Quality Analyzer CF >11 Fluke LPQI 2007 37

Power Measurement Two Power Factors Screen Shots from a Fluke 43 Single Phase and Power Measurement Two Power Factors Screen Shots from a Fluke 43 Single Phase and a Fluke 434 Three Phase analyser Fluke LPQI 2007 38

Power Measurement • System with no Harmonic content Reactive power (k. VAr) Apparent power Power Measurement • System with no Harmonic content Reactive power (k. VAr) Apparent power (k. VA) True Power (W) Cos φ (dpf) = true power (fundamental) Fluke LPQI 2007 39

Power Measurement • System with Harmonic content Reactive power (k. VAr) Apparent power including Power Measurement • System with Harmonic content Reactive power (k. VAr) Apparent power including harmonics ( VA) k True Power (W) Reactive power (Harmonic component) Cos φ (dpf) : true power/Reactive power (fundamental) PF: true power/reactive power (incl harmonics) Fluke LPQI 2007 40

Power Measurement Two Power Factors ! Screen Shots from a Fluke 43 Single Phase Power Measurement Two Power Factors ! Screen Shots from a Fluke 43 Single Phase and a Fluke 434 Three Phase analyser Fluke LPQI 2007 41

Measurement where Harmonics are present • • • Always use True RMS Check the Measurement where Harmonics are present • • • Always use True RMS Check the crest factor rating When measuring power be aware of PF vs Cos φ/(DPF) C. F. = 1. 43 Fluke LPQI 2007 C. F. = 2. 39 C. F. = 4. 68 42

2) Measurement of Harmonics Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 43 2) Measurement of Harmonics Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 43

EN 50160 Harmonics Upper limits for individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals in EN 50160 Harmonics Upper limits for individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals in % of nominal voltage. 95% of 10 -minute average Vrms over 1 week must be below limits Odd harmonics Even Harmonics Not multiples of 3 Multiples of 3 Order h Relative voltage 5 6% 3 5% 2 2% 7 5% 9 1. 5 % 4 1% 11 3. 5 % 15 0. 5 % 6… 24 0. 5 % 13 3% 21 0. 5 % 17 2% 19 1. 5 % 23 1. 5 % 25 1. 5 % VIRTUALLY ALL HARMONIC PROBLEMS ARE GENERATED “IN HOUSE” Fluke LPQI 2007 44

IEC 61000 -4 -30 specification Test Equipment Class B Class A Measurement Interval Accuracy IEC 61000 -4 -30 specification Test Equipment Class B Class A Measurement Interval Accuracy Hz 10 sec ± 10 m. Hz Manufacturer to indicate Magnitude supply voltage Vrms 10 cycles ± 0. 1% Manufacturer to indicate Flicker (IEC 61000 -4 -15) Plt 2 hr ± 5% Manufacturer to indicate Voltage dips, swells and interruptions, rapid voltage changes ½ cycle Vrms 10 ms ± 0. 2% ½ cycle Vrms Unbalance (method of symmetrical components) Vrms fundamental 10 cycles ± 0. 15% (uncert. ) Manufacturer to indicate Harmonics (IEC 61000 -4 -7) THD, Harm V, A, Inter harmonics 10 cycles ± 1 -5% Manufacturer to indicate V peak 50 μ sec (200 KS/s) Inter harmonic 10 cycles ± 1 -5% Manufacturer to indicate Power frequency Transients (not specified) Mains signaling Flagging Time synchronization Fluke LPQI 2007 Dip, swells, interruptions might create unreliable readings of Hz, Vrms, Unbalance and Harm. Therefore Must be re flagged (dirty) to avoid miss interpretation External clock; GPS 1 period Not specified Manufacturer to indicate 45

Harmonic Measurement • For troubleshooting – Check the harmonics present – Check for the Harmonic Measurement • For troubleshooting – Check the harmonics present – Check for the levels of the harmonics – Look for recognizable patterns 50 Hz Fluke LPQI 2007 100 Hz 150 Hz 200 Hz 46

Harmonic Measurement – PC Load V, A, Hz Measurement Fluke LPQI 2007 Harmonic Measurement Harmonic Measurement – PC Load V, A, Hz Measurement Fluke LPQI 2007 Harmonic Measurement 3 rd Harmonic Content 47

Harmonic Measurement PC / IT Load 6 Pulse Bridge Fluke LPQI 2007 Elec. Fluorescent Harmonic Measurement PC / IT Load 6 Pulse Bridge Fluke LPQI 2007 Elec. Fluorescent Lighting Ballast 12 Pulse Bridge 48

Measurement Seminar • Safety • Power Quality Measurement § § • The effect of Measurement Seminar • Safety • Power Quality Measurement § § • The effect of distortion on simple test tools Measurement of Harmonics Measurement Specifications Typical measurements Power Quality Measurement Equipment § Basic Measurements § Test equipment types Fluke LPQI 2007 49

Types of Measurement Tools • Power Quality Troubleshooting / Survey tools – Devices designed Types of Measurement Tools • Power Quality Troubleshooting / Survey tools – Devices designed as a measurement tool – Simple to use / Immediate measurements – Troubleshooting / Survey tool / some logging • Power Quality “Logging” – Devices designed for long term monitoring – Record every parameter for detailed analysis – Predictive Maintenance Fluke LPQI 2007 50

Power Quality Troubleshooting & Surveys • Measurements – – – – – Volts Amps Power Quality Troubleshooting & Surveys • Measurements – – – – – Volts Amps & Frequency Power Harmonics Dips & Swells Transients Unbalance Flicker Inrush Temperature Fluke LPQI 2007 51

1) Volts, Amps & Frequency • Using a Power Quality Analyser • View all 1) Volts, Amps & Frequency • Using a Power Quality Analyser • View all of the main parameters at point of connection Scope Vector • Graphical as well as numeric display can help highlight potential problems Trend Fluke LPQI 2007 52

2) Power Measurement • Typical power measurement information • Shows the sides of the 2) Power Measurement • Typical power measurement information • Shows the sides of the triangle Fluke LPQI 2007 53

3) Three Phase Harmonic Measurement Fluke LPQI 2007 54 3) Three Phase Harmonic Measurement Fluke LPQI 2007 54

4) Transient Measurement • Cause…. . interference • Difficult to capture – Triggering of 4) Transient Measurement • Cause…. . interference • Difficult to capture – Triggering of ‘scopes difficult… width, timing, peak value ? • Modern power quality analyzers purpose built for the job • Envelope trigger • Accurate real time stamping is essential +X% 240 V - X% Fluke LPQI 2007 55

5) Dips and Swells • Recording of upstream and downstream sags can indicate loads 5) Dips and Swells • Recording of upstream and downstream sags can indicate loads causing problems Upstream Sag Fluke LPQI 2007 Downstream Sag 56

6) Unbalance • The phase diagram gives a quick indication of phase relationships and 6) Unbalance • The phase diagram gives a quick indication of phase relationships and balance • In this example voltage unbalance is very small, but current unbalance is nearly 19%. Fluke LPQI 2007 57

7) Flicker Measurements • A reading greater than 1 means that most people will 7) Flicker Measurements • A reading greater than 1 means that most people will perceive flicker in an incandescent bulb • Measurement – Pst (1 min): Short-term flicker over 1 minute – Pst: Short-term flicker over 10 minutes – Plt: Long-term flicker over 2 hours Fluke LPQI 2007 58

8) Inrush • Inrush Current Measurement – Momentary peak of current during switch on. 8) Inrush • Inrush Current Measurement – Momentary peak of current during switch on. – Current clamps can capture peak reading – Analyzers can give time measurement Screen Shot of a PQA showing start-up current generated by a cooling system Three Phase Inrush Measurement Fluke LPQI 2007 59

9) Temperature • Many power quality problems initially result in an increase in temperature 9) Temperature • Many power quality problems initially result in an increase in temperature of components, connectors, cables and machinery • Infra red non contact measurement is the ideal way to locate this type of problem Fluke LPQI 2007 60

Why infrared non-contact measurement? 1) Measurement from distance • Dangerous to contact (Electrical) • Why infrared non-contact measurement? 1) Measurement from distance • Dangerous to contact (Electrical) • Difficult to reach • Moving objects 2) Measurement without contact • Very hot objects • Where contact would damage, contaminate or change temperature (Food & Chemical) Fluke LPQI 2007 61

Example Substations Fluke LPQI 2007 62 Example Substations Fluke LPQI 2007 62

Substations Both qualitative and quantitative inspections are Required to determine a fault Fluke LPQI Substations Both qualitative and quantitative inspections are Required to determine a fault Fluke LPQI 2007 63

Electrical connections The connections on this evaporator pump read over 50 degrees hotter on Electrical connections The connections on this evaporator pump read over 50 degrees hotter on phase 3 Fluke LPQI 2007 64

Electrical connections • The temperature readouts show that connection on the centre phase of Electrical connections • The temperature readouts show that connection on the centre phase of this main lighting disconnect are hot, suggesting an unbalanced load Fluke LPQI 2007 65

Electrical connections Fluke LPQI 2007 66 Electrical connections Fluke LPQI 2007 66

Electrical unbalance or overload? Fluke LPQI 2007 67 Electrical unbalance or overload? Fluke LPQI 2007 67

Electrical unbalance or overload? • Where is the increased resistance? On the left or Electrical unbalance or overload? • Where is the increased resistance? On the left or on the right contact? • A hot spot is not necessarily a faulty connection! Fluke LPQI 2007 68

Fluke Power Quality Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 69 Fluke Power Quality Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 69

Single Phase Troubleshooting Fluke 345 Power Clamp Fluke LPQI 2007 Fluke 43 B Analyzer Single Phase Troubleshooting Fluke 345 Power Clamp Fluke LPQI 2007 Fluke 43 B Analyzer 70

Three Phase Troubleshooting Fluke 435 Power Quality Troubleshooter Fluke LPQI 2007 Fluke 1735 Power Three Phase Troubleshooting Fluke 435 Power Quality Troubleshooter Fluke LPQI 2007 Fluke 1735 Power Logger 71

Power Quality Logging Fluke 1740 Series Power Quality Logger Fluke LPQI 2007 Fluke 1760 Power Quality Logging Fluke 1740 Series Power Quality Logger Fluke LPQI 2007 Fluke 1760 Power Quality Logger 72

Thermal Imaging Fluke. Ti 20 Thermal Imaging Camera Fluke LPQI 2007 Fluke. Ti 40 Thermal Imaging Fluke. Ti 20 Thermal Imaging Camera Fluke LPQI 2007 Fluke. Ti 40 & Ti 50 Advanced Camera’s 73

More information • Fluke Power Quality Data available in the exhibition area • DVD’s More information • Fluke Power Quality Data available in the exhibition area • DVD’s – Thermal Imaging Application DVD – Safety DVD – EN 61010 – Power Quality Measurement DVD • Fluke Website – www. fluke. co. uk • Short term requirement ? Fluke LPQI 2007 74

Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 75 Fluke PDM seminar Module 1 75