Filtration Maxim Frolov Instructor 1 2 11 2018 Confidential Information

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FILTRATION (M-I SWACO) Frolov MP.ppt

Количество слайдов: 40

Filtration The functions of drilling fluids 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 2 Remove Cuttings From The Well. Control Formation Pressure. Suspend And Release Cuttings. SEAL PERMEABLE FORMATIONS. MAINTAIN WELLBORE STABILITY. MINIMIZE RESERVOIR DAMAGE. Cool, Lubricate And Support The Bit And Drilling Assembly. Transmit Hydraulic Energy To Tools And Bit. ENSURE ADEQUATE FORMATION EVALUATION. Control Corrosion. FACILITATE CEMENTING AND COMPLETION. Minimize Impact On Environment. Prevent Gas Hydrate Formation. 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Functions of a Drilling Fluid Related to Filtration • Filtrate Invasion: 1. ENSURE ADEQUATE FORMATION EVALUATION. 2. MAINTAIN WELLBORE STABILITY. 3. MINIMIZE RESERVOIR DAMAGE. • Filter Cake Formation: 4. 5. 3 SEAL PERMEABLE FORMATIONS. FACILITATE CEMENTING AND COMPLETION. 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration FILTRATION - The loss of FILTRATE to a porous and permeable formation • Occurs when the hydrostatic pressure of the mud exceeds the Formation pressure, and there adequate solids in the mud To form a filter cake. 4 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration … • A FILTER CAKE is formed on the face of the well bore. Many times it forms inside the formation, depending on the characteristics of the formation. • The composition of this cake is determined by the SOLIDS in the mud. 5 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Two types of filtration • DYNAMIC FILTRATION- Occurs when the mud is circulating • STATIC FILTRATION- Occurs when the mud is not circulating • API (standard) • API - HTHP 6 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Fluid loss - Measurement API Standard CC’s of FILTRATE collected: (static) @ • 100 psi • 30 minutes • ambient temperature • 7. 5 sq. . . in. #50 Watman paper 7 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

HTHP - Fluid loss - Measurement CC’s of FILTRATE collected X 2 (static) • 30 minutes • 300°F • 3. 75 sq. in. #50 Watman paper • 500 psi - Differential Pressure • 600 psi - TOP • 100 psi - BOTTOM (back pressure) 8 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration – Dynamic HPHT The Fann Model 90 Dynamic HPHT® filtration system is the industry’s only true dynamic Filtration System filtration system for conducting filter cake formation and permeability analysis for drilling fluids optimization. Utilizing a wide range Filtration System can be heated and pressurized downhole conditions. Safety features have been designed into the system to protect the user and help ensure reliable test results. The Model 90 system is fully automatic with a built-in computer controller. Through menu-driven software, the user can establish up to 20 sequence steps to program the following testing parameters: Temperature; Pressure; Differential pressure; Shear rate. 9 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Factors affecting filtration • SOLIDS ü Type ü Hydration • TIME ü Deflocculation and dispersion • TEMPERATURE • PRESSURE 10 2/11/2018 • POROSITY, PERMEABILITY, SORTING Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Porosity • The Volumetric Fraction of Formation Not Occupied by Solids • Two types of porosity: • Absolute - Volume not occupied by solids • Effective - Interconnected spaces 12 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Permeability • The Ability of a Formation to Transmit Fluid (Through the Inter-Connecting Pore Spaces) • Types of Permeability • Vertical Fracture Permeability - Limestones, Chalks, and Some Shales • Matrix Permeability - Sand or Sandstone 13 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Sorting Controls porosity & permeability • Good sorting with Large Pore Spaces Yields Good Porosity. And High Permeability. • Poor sorting yields smaller pore spaces and lower permeability. 14 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Filter cake quality • IDEALLY – A THIN & IMPERMEABLE CAKE IS DESIRED • HOW IS THAT ACHIEVED? • CONTROLING SOLIDS - Amount and type – SIZE – SHAPE – DISTRIBUTION – COMPRESSIBILITY - the ability to deform under pressure 17 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filter cake composition 1. Add 27. 0 ppb M-I GEL To 350 cc’s of water (2. 6 sg) X( 8. 334 ppg) X (42 gal / bbl) = 910 ppb 9. 1 ppb = 1. 0% 27. 0 ppb = 3. 0% Total Solids 350 cc’s = 1 bbl Equivalent. (1. 0 sg) X( 8. 334 ppg) X (42 gal / bbl) = 350 ppb 1 cc liquid = 1 ppb 1 gram dry material = 1 ppb 20 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filter cake composition 2. Add 100 grams of Diaseal-M and 100 grams of Barite to 350 cc’s of water 100 ppb Diaseal-M (2. 6 sg) X( 8. 334 ppg) X (42 gal / bbl) = 910 ppb 9. 1 ppb = 1. 0% 100 ppb = 11. 0% 100 ppb Barite (4. 2 sg) X( 8. 334 ppg) X (42 gal / bbl) = 1470 ppb 14. 7 ppb = 1. 0% 100 ppb = 6. 8% 11. 0 % + 6. 8 % = 16. 8% Total Solids 21 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Diatoms MICROSCOPIC One - Celled Marine Algae With Hard Glasslike Cell Walls. They Occur in a Variety of Shapes and Are Non-Compressible, Which Makes Them an Excellent Filtration Medium 22 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filter cake composition 3. Add 175 cc’s of #1 to 175 cc’s of #2. 50 ppb Diaseal-M (2. 6 sg) X( 8. 334 ppg) X (42 gal / bbl) = 910 ppb 9. 1 ppb = 1. 0% 50 ppb = 5. 5% 50 ppb Barite (4. 2 sg) X( 8. 334 ppg) X (42 gal / bbl) = 1470 ppb 14. 7 ppb = 1. 0% 50 ppb = 3. 4% 13. 5 ppb M-I Gel (2. 6 sg) X( 8. 334 ppg) X (42 gal / bbl) = 910 ppb 9. 1 ppb = 1. 0% 13. 5 ppb = 1. 5% Solids 5. 5% + 3. 4% + 1. 5% = 10. 4% Solids 24 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Compare FL Value to Filter Cake Thickness 1. Add 27. 0 ppb M-I Gel To 350 cc’s Of Water. 27. 0 ppb = 3. 0% Total Solids 2. Add 100 grams of Diaseal-M and 100 grams of Barite to 350 cc’s of water. 11. 0 + 6. 8 = 16. 8% Total Solids 3. Add 175 cc’s of #1 To 175 cc’s of #2. 1. 5% + 5. 5% + 3. 4% = 10. 4% Solids 25 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Filtration Drilling fluid damage • Solids Entering Pore Openings. • Filtrate Containing Damaging Polymers. • Filtrate Containing Wetting Agents and / or Emulsifiers. • Filtrate Incompatible With Formation Water. • Filtrate Dislodging Pore Lining Clays. 27 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Solids control - how? Solids Generated While Drilling • 17. 5” hole to 3, 000’= 900 bbls • 12. 25” hole from 3, 000’ to 10, 000’ = 1, 030 bbls • 9. 875” hole from 10, 000’ to 16, 000’ = 570 bbls • TOTAL = 2, 500 bbls of Dirt to Remove! • Assume drilled solids = 2. 6 SG • THEN: (2. 6 sg) X (8. 334 ppg) X (42 gpb) X (2, 500 bbls) = 2, 276, 820 Pounds of Dirt! (1, 138 tons) 28 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Solids handling Chemical • Drilling Fluid Polymers That Will Encapsulate Drill Solids • PHPA Type Polymers • Selective Flocculants • Hydration Suppressants • Kla-Gard • Kla-Cure 31 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Choosing Fluid Loss Control Products Factors to consider: Can it be used in presence of CALCIUM? Can it be used in high SALT concentration? Can it tolerate the TEMPERATURE present, or expected? Will it need a PRESERVATIVE? Will it produce a VISCOSITY RISE? Will it SUPPORT WEIGHT MATERIAL with a minimum of solids? Is the COST too high for the particular operation? Is it the MOST EFFICIENT under given circumstances? 32 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Fluid Loss Control Products Polymers • Binding of free water of a mud • Plugging of a pore’s space in a filter cake and a formation • Increasing of a filtrate viscosity • A capsulation (film creation on a surface a wellbore wall) 35 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Fluid Loss Control Products Chemical thinners • Reagent adsorption on a surface of clay particles • Dispersion ü QUEBRACHO ü TANNATHIN ü SPERSENE ü XP-20 37 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Improper filtration control Problems: FILTRATE Washout and ledge formation Formation evaluation problems Formation damage CAKE Tight spots Stuck pipe Pressure surges Cementing problems 38 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO

Proper filtration control Control Fluid Loss Value and Cake Thickness By: • Controlling solids Amount Type • Using the correct products for the situation Temperature Ions in solution Economics 39 2/11/2018 Confidential Information © 2010 M-I SWACO