FIGURE 22 1 Precolonial urbanization in Africa Precolonial

FIGURE 22. 1. Precolonial urbanization in Africa. Precolonial urbanization was widespread. It reflected a variety of indigenous and external influences, specific to each of several regions of urban development. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 22. 2. Schematic map of a typical precolonial city. Precolonial cities served a variety of social, economic, and political functions. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 22. 3. Schematic map of a typical colonial African city. The colonial city showed the influence of urban planning: a grid pattern of streets and a spatial separation of urban functions and population subgroups. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 22. 4. View over the old city of Kano, as seen from Dala

FIGURE 22. 5. Kano, Nigeria. The urban landscapes of Kano reflect a thousand years of history and the effect of burgeoning growth in recent years. After H. A. C. Main, “Housing problems and squatting solutions in metropolitan Kano. ” In R. B. Potter and A. T. Salan, eds. Cities and Development in the Third World. London: Mansell, 1990, pp. 12– 31. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 22. 6. Residence of the French colonial governor, Djibouti. This extravagant edifice seems out of place in such a tiny colony—except when it is viewed (following Myers) as an example of the use of architecture as an assertion of colonial surveillance and control. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 22. 7 a. Two cities that reflect their different colonial heritages. (a) The colonial-era central square, Dakar, Senegal —still an important focal point in this city. Photo: © UN-HABITAT. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 22. 7 b. Two cities that reflect their different colonial heritages. (b) Keren, Eritrea. Two elements that show the colonial origins of this small town are its layout, radiating from a central plaza, and the Italian influences visible in the architecture of some buildings. Photo: Melvin Peters. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 22. 8. Past and projected growth of selected cities. Many African cities had some reduction in the rate of population growth during the 1990 s, due in large part to the impacts of structural adjustment. Data source: UN-HABITAT. The State of African Cities 2010. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT, 2010. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 22. 9. Growth of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The city continues to expand outward as a result of the development of informal housing along major transportation arteries leading out of the city. After UN-HABITAT. The State of African Cities 2010. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT, 2010, p. 156. (After M. Kimani. Investigating the Effects of Property Rights Formalisation on Property Market in Informal Settlements: The Case of Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Unpublished MSc thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, 2007). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

TABLE 23. 1. Urban Agriculture in Three Kenyan Cities From Africa South of the

FIGURE 23. 1 a. Produce grown by urban dwellers on small parcels of land within the city accounts for a significant proportion of urban food supplies. (a) Kampala, Uganda. Photo: author. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 23. 1 b. Produce grown by urban dwellers on small parcels of land within the city accounts for a significant proportion of urban food supplies. (b) Freetown, Sierra Leone. Photo: Roy Maconachie. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

TABLE 23. 2. Attributes of Formal and Informal Economies From Africa South of the

FIGURE 23. 2. Inside an aluminum smelter, Douala, Cameroon. Regions with an abundance of hydroelectric power have some comparative advantage in producing aluminum for export. Photo: © CIDA (Roger Le. Moyne). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 23. 3 a. The informal sector at work: Petty manufacturing. (a) Making blocks for house construction, Kano, Nigeria. Photo: Roy Maconachie. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 23. 3 b. The informal sector at work: Petty manufacturing. (b) Welder building window grates, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Photo: Roy Maconachie. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 23. 4. “Roche Santeirs, ” located near the harbor in Luanda, Angola, is reputed to be the largest market in Africa south of the Sahara. Photo: © CIDA (Bruce Paton). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 23. 5. Mobile phone ownership, 2009. Data source: World Bank. Africa Development Indicators, 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 1. Land use in Lusaka. The map differentiates between areas of high and low residential density, and identifies areas of informal tenure. Source: G. Williams. The Peugeot Guide to Lusaka: Zambian Geographical Association, 1983. © 1983 by G. Williams. Reprinted by permission. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 2 a. Social class and housing in various residential districts of Lusaka; house size and density are closely correlated with the social class of residents. Locations of the photos are shown by letters in Figure 24. 1. (a) Housing built during the colonial era for African workers: Old Chilenje. Photo: G. Williams. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 2 b. Social class and housing in various residential districts of Lusaka; house size and density are closely correlated with the social class of residents. Locations of the photos are shown by letters in Figure 24. 1. (b) Postindependence squatter settlement, occupied mostly by lower-class residents: Kanyama. Photos: G. Williams. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 2 c. Social class and housing in various residential districts of Lusaka; house size and density are closely correlated with the social class of residents. Locations of the photos are shown by letters in Figure 24. 1. (c) A newly developed site-and-service scheme provides opportunities for lower-middle-class people to build houses that serve their own needs: Mutendere. Photo: author. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 2 d. Social class and housing in various residential districts of Lusaka; house size and density are closely correlated with the social class of residents. Locations of the photos are shown by letters in Figure 24. 1. (d) Hidden behind a wall and surrounded by expansive gardens, the opulent home of either a wealthy Zambian or an expatriate: Ridgeway. Photo: author. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

TABLE 24. 1. Urban Slum Populations in Selected Countries, 1990– 2007 From Africa South

FIGURE 24. 3. Urban renewal project in Nairobi, Kenya. The apartment blocks in the foreground have been developed to replace slum housing in the adjacent squatter settlement of Kibera. Photo: © UN-HABITAT (Julius Mwelu). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 4. Uncollected garbage in a residential area, Kano, Nigeria. Inadequate sanitation, often a characteristic of poorer districts in Africa’s largest cities, is a health hazard an aesthetic eyesore. Photo: Roy Maconachie. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 5 a. The poor often have no choice but to live in homes built on marginal, disaster-prone sites. (a) Slum housing in a flood-prone location, Monrovia, Liberia. Photo: © UN-HABITAT (William Ross). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 5 b. The poor often have no choice but to live in homes built on marginal, disaster-prone sites. (b) Houses perched precariously on a mountainside, Freetown, Sierra Leone. Photo: Roy Maconachie. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 24. 6. Site of Freetown, Sierra Leone. Freetown faces significant development challenges as a result of where it was built. The city forms a horseshoe on the narrow coastal plain of the Freetown Peninsula, situated between steep, landslide-prone mountain slopes and the low-lying coast. Image: © Google Earth. (Image © 2011 Geo. Eye. Image © 2011 Terra. Metrics. Image © 2011 Digitalglobe. Data SIO, NOAA, U. S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO. ) From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.