Figure 11. 1 Block diagram of a spectrophotometer (Based on R. J. Henry, D. C. Cannon, and J. W. Winkelman, eds. , Clinical Chemistry, 2 nd ed. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1974. ) © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 2 Block diagram of instruments for (a) flame emission and (b) flame absorption. (Based on R. J. Henry, D. C. Cannon, and J. W. Winkelman, eds. , Clinical Chemistry, 2 nd ed. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1974. ) © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 3 Block diagram of a fluorometer (Based on R. Hicks, J. R. Schenken, and M. A. Steinrauf, Laboratory Instrumentation. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1974. Used with permission of C. A. Mc. Whorter. ) © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 4 Synchron CX 4 measurement read window for a rate-type measurement © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 5 Block Diagram of ACA (From ACA Instrument Instruction Manual, Dupont Company, Automatic Clinical Analysis Division, Wilmington, DE 19898. ) © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 6 Sample kit and analytical test pack of ACA (From ACA Instrument Instruction Manual, Dupont Company, Automatic Clinical Analysis Division, Wilmington, DE 19898. ) © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 7 Block diagram of a gas-liquid chromatograph (GLC) © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 8 Example of a GLC recording for the analysis of blood levels of phenobarbital (peak a) and phenytoin (peak c). Peak b corresponds to the level of heptabarbital (the internal standard). © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 9 Cellulose acetate electrophoresis (Based on R. Hicks, J. R. Schenken, and M. A. Steinrauf, Laboratory Instrumentation. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1974. Used with permission of C. A. Mc. Whorter. ) © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Figure 11. 10 Examples of patterns of serum protein electrophoresis The left-hand pattern is normal; the right-hand pattern is seen when there is an over production of a single type of gamma globulin. © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Diluting fluid Diluter I WBC stabilizing agent Lysing and mixing Figure 11. 11 A block diagram of a Coulter Model STKS. (Modified from J. Davidsohn and J. B. Henry, Todd Sanford Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, 15 ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co. ) Diluter II Triple transducer WBC bath module Hgb Hemoglobinometer RBC bath C C C Analyzer computer Laboratory computer system Data management system Printer © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998. C
Vacuum (6"Hg) Aperture current Internal electrode 100 mm + 75 mm External electrode - Blood cell suspension Sample beaker Aperture Detail of aperture (WBC) Aperture tube Figure 11. 12 Coulter STKS aperture bath © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
WBC volume Monocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes Light scatter Figure 11. 13 Two-dimensional scatterplot. © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Video scanner Color analyzer Image memory Stage and focus motor drives Reference memory Cytoplasm morphology Nucleus morphology Granularity Nuclear/cytoplasm Morphological ratio analyzer Chromatin pattern Color Vacuolization Figure 11. 14 Block diagram of HEMATRAK (From M. Levine, "Automated differentials: Geometric Data's HEMATRAK, " Amer, J. Med. Tech. , 40: 464, 1974. ) Keyboard Neutrophils Bands Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Recognition Lymphocytes computer Atypical lymphocytes Blast-like cells Nucleated erythrocytes Other immature cells Normal cell counters "Suspect“ cell counters Video display Ticket printer © From J. G. Webster (ed. ), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3 rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
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