Fiber Optic probes in Medicine Presented by Sarojini Ramakrishnan Email: sr 63@buffalo. edu
Overview What is Endoscopy? n The Endoscope n The Rigid Endoscope n The Flexible Endoscope n Major Players n Cost n Research n References n 1/17
What is Endoscopy? Minimally invasive surgical procedure n “Keyhole” or “seamless” surgery n Allows surgeons to peer into the body and examine organs in situ n Also widely used as a diagnostic procedure n
Caught in the act? ?
The View
The Endoscope Uses fiber optics and powerful lens systems n Illuminates and provides a view of the interior of joints n Rigid or Flexible n Different variations for viewing different organs n
The Rigid Endoscope
The Rigid Endoscope Objective Lens n Rod Lens n Ocular Lens n Light Fibers n Light Source n Camera for imaging (optional) n
Rod Lenses
Endoscope to Video Micro-camera attached to eyepiece and image viewed on a monitor n Uses Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) - Capture and store image data - 2 D array of individual elements that can store an electric charge - can respond to as high as 70% of the incident light n
Charge-Coupled Device
Light Sources Tungsten filament lamp n halogen reflector lamp - optimal use of light n Rare-earth xenon lamp - high intensity light - true color display (xenon daylight effect) n
The Flexible Endoscope Bending radius of approx. 15 mm n Two fiber optic cables - one is a light conduit (incoherent) - second is used for image transmission (coherent) n Image fiber - image resolution of approx. 10. 000 pixels per square mm. n
Major Players Olympus n Pentax n Fujinon n Stryker n
Cost n n Endoscopy accounts for 25% of all surgery conducted in developed countries Endoscopes - anywhere between $700 for a used endoscope upto $10, 000 for a new endoscope Light Sources - $250 to $4000 Video Endoscopy system - above $8000
Research Avenues Surgical imaging systems that can simulate the optimal path for the surgeon (inside the brain for neurosurgery, for example) n Spectroscopy n Endoscopes with image processing capabilities n
References n n n imaginis. com/endoscopy/ Rigid Endoscopes - members. aol. com/Endo. News/art 1. html - www. surgical-optics. com/N_RTerms. html - www. nsgamerica. com/products. cfm - www. awi-industries. com/rod. Lens. html - www. endoscopy. com/vet/video. htm - www. wikipedia. org/wiki/CCD Light Sources - http: //www. meditronic. com/products/endoscopy/light. html - www. vet. uga. edu/mis/Exotics_Equipment/ exotics_equipment. html
References Contd. n Flexible Endoscope - http: //www. healthlibrary. com/reading/yod/current/fibre. htm - http: //www. corexcel. com/courses 2/body. flexible. endoscopes. page 2. htm Coherent Fiber Optic Bundle - http: //cord. org/step_online/st 1 -7/st 17 eiv. htm - www. roperscientific. de/teffo. html n Market situation - www. 1800 Endoscope. com - http: //www. mindbranch. com/catalog/product. jsp? code=R 469 -0002 n
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