Feline Leukemia Erin O Riley Katie Colbrook Feline

Feline Leukemia Erin O’Riley Katie Colbrook

Feline Leukemia • Usually abbreviated as Fe. LV • First discovered in domestic cats in Scotland • 1964 • Cross-species concern • Domestic/feral cats(natural hosts) Wild Felids • No reports of infection in humans • Although human (and canine) tissue cultures grown in labs can be infected with disease

Animals affected: • Felids • Both domestic and wild • Seen in house cats, feral cat populations, Iberian lynx, captive bobcats, Florida panthers and wild cougars • Any age • Biased towards males • Virulent virus more common in domestic cats and wild felids of male gender usually do to higher aggressiveness

Fe. LV Genetic/Virus Characteristics • Carried in RNA • Gammaretrovirus • Is a genus of the retroviridae family • Known for causing sarcomas and different types of leukemia • Total genome is about 9, 600 base pairs • This virus causes a disease which is a form of cancer of blood cells called lymphocytes

Structure of Fe. LV Virus

Process of Infecting Host Cell

Transmission Dynamics • Horizontal Transmission (Direct Contact) • Saliva • Cats are social animals constantly grooming each other • Urine • Blood • Free floating in blood plasma so mechanical vectors (blood sucking parasites) a possible concern

Stages of Fe. LV There are 6 stages of Fe. LV infection: • Stage One: The virus enters the cats system and infects the epithelial cells then moves to different types of white blood cells called lymphocytes and macrophages. These white blood cells then move to the lymph nodes where the virus begins to replicate. • Stage Two: The virus enters the blood stream where it is spread throughout the body. • Stage Three: The virus enters the lymphoid system spreading further though the felines body.

Stages Continued • Stage Four: This is the main point of infection in the feline where if the cat's immune system does not fight off the virus, then it continues on to stage five • Stage Five: The bone marrow becomes infected. When this occurs the virus will stay with the cat for the rest of its life. Then it is released from the bone marrow to further take over the felines body. • Stage Six: Feline becomes overwhelmed by infection and mucous and glandular epithelial cells become infected. When this occurs the virus can be easily transferred to other felines.

Fe. LV mortality • Felids who contract Fe. LV have 3 possible outcomes: • The cat produces neutralizing antibodies to eliminate virus • The cat can remain latently infected • The virus is virulent and the cat shows symptoms immediately • No curative treatment • Vaccine makes virus go into latency • Fe. LV causes: • Lymphoma • Anemia • Immunosuppression • These secondary infections are typically the cause of death

Signs of Infection • • • Loss of appetite Slow weight loss Poor coat condition Enlarged lymph nodes Persistent fever Pale and inflamed gums Infections of the skin, urinary bladder, and upper respiratory tract Persistent diarrhea Seizures, behavior changes, and other neurological disorders A variety of eye conditions Spontaneous abortions in pregnant females

Fe. LV Detection • PCR • Polymerase Chain Reaction • Detects virulent and latent infection • ELISA • This tests for the antigen present when cats are infected virulently with Fe. LV

Iberian Lynx • Fe. LV was rarely reported and/or detected in wild felids until the year 2007 when an outbreak occurred in the Iberian Lynx population in Doñana (located in Spain). • Even before the outbreak… • The Iberian lynx is the most critically endangered felid species in the world • Due to predators losing population density because of: • • Human/wildlife conflict Over harvesting Prey decline Habitat loss due to human encroachment • Conservation measures were implemented to sustain the species

Conservation of Iberian Lynx • Since the Iberian lynx was known to be in trouble due to such low densities (~160 individuals ) conservation efforts were imposed • Beginning of breeding season in ‘ 06 -’ 07 in the CRS (Coto del Rey subpopulation) • 7 feeding stations were outfitted • 12 drinking stations available

Before the Outbreak • Positive for Fe. LV viremia Lynx discovered in December 2006 • Past knowledge of Fe. LV did not lead managers to find great risk in releasing the infected individual • Infection was probably due to contact with an infected feral cat • Large populations of feral cats surround this area

Beginning of Outbreak (2007) • Two more lynx were found dead and tested positive for Fe. LV viremia • This lead to construction of an Fe. LV Control Program specified for the Iberian Lynx

Fe. LV Control Program • Goals: • 1. Control Fe. LV focus and stop spread across all of the Doñana population • 2. Remove virus from population • 3. Minimize possibility of a new outbreak • Objectives: • • 1. Remove Fe. LV viremia positive lynx from wild 2. Give Fe. LV vaccine to all uninfected individuals 3. Modify management feeding/drinking stations 4. Reduce the feral cat population

Fe. LV Control Program • Domestic cats were captured in lynx distribution areas • ELISA tests done • All viremic cats euthanized • Cats not infected were returned to owners or rescue center after being vaccinated • All Lynxes were captured and transported to a clinic • ELISA and PCR tests done • If ELISA test was positive (conclusive to a viremic lynx) they were moved to a rescue center until infection became latent • All latent lynx returned to wild after being vaccinated • Recapture and a second dose of vaccine was administered for as many lynx as possible to achieve best results

Interpretation • Fe. LV outbreak in the Doñana area probably due to interaction of lynx with feral/domestic cats • Spread of Fe. LV occurred because of • • Breeding season increases intraspecies contact Feeding and Drinking stations increased intraspecies contact High pathogenicity of the Fe. LV strain in the lynx High density of the subpopulation

Fe. LV Prevention • Decreasing interactions between domestic cats from wild felids • Side note: “green belt” areas made for wildlife should be farther away from suburban areas to limit these interactions • Should latent felids be released back into wild? • Could cause new outbreak in future • • Vaccinate high risk populations of wild felids Stricter vaccination policies of domestic cats Don’t define threat level of a virus because its unpredictable Critically think out conservation actions • i. e. feeding stations that encourage saliva transfer

Sources • Alexander, K. A. (2009). Successful intervention in a disease outbreak in the endangered Iberian lynx: what can we learn? Animal Conservation, 12. 183 -4. • Hardy, W. D. , Old, L. J. , Hess, P. W. , Essex, M. and Cotter, S. (1973). Horizontal Transmission of Feline Leukaemia Virus. Nature, 244. 266 -8. • Hoopes, J. , Baines B. , Smyth, T. , and Nugent, C. (2009). Overview of feline leukemia virus and symptoms. http: //homepage. usask. ca/~vim 458/virology/studpages 2009/retrovi ruses/plfelv. html • Lopez, G. , Lopez-Parr, M. , Fernandez, L. , Martinez-Granados, C. , Martinez, F. , Meli, M. L. , Fil-Sanchez, J. M. , Viqueira, N. , Diaz-Portero, M. A. , Cadenas, R. , Lutz, H. , Vargas, A. and Simon, M. A. (2009). Management measures to control a feline leukemia virus outbreak in the endangered Iberian lynx. Animal Conservation, 12. 173 -8.

Sources Continued • Luaces, I. , Domenech, A. , Garcia-Montijano, M. , Collado, V. M. , Sanchez, J. , Tejerizo, G. , Galka, M. , Fernandez, P. and Gomez. Lucia, E. (2008). Detection of feline leukemia virus in the endangered Iberian lynx. J Vet Diagn Invest 20, 381 -5.